Methods: Grainage performance for cross breeds such as pupation rate, cocoons per kg, DFLs obtained, total egg weight, cocoon DFLs ratio, pairing (%) and egg recovery was calculated as per the SOP.

Results: The present study on grainage performance during Agrahayani crop using the P1 bivoltine seed cocoons from South India showed that, egg recovery (g/kg) was high in N x (SK6 x SK7) with 50.37g /kg of seed cocoons followed by N x FC2 of 49.04 g/kg. The cocoon:DFLs ratio was recorded 3.09:1 in N x (SK6 x SK7), 2.63 in N x FC2 and 2.45:1 in N x FC1.

Conclusion: This result has proved that P1 bivoltine seed cocoons from South India may be utilised for the grainage production in Agrahayani crop in upcoming years.

Methods: The present study was conducted at S. D. College, Barnala (Punjab), India (30.3654° N, 75.5372° E), which supports a diverse assemblage of tree species from April 2024 to September 2024 by the point count method. Species identification was performed with the help of field guides. The data of all observations in a month were pooled and relative abundance of birds in each month was calculated. Kruskal-wallis test was carried out to find if there was significant difference of bird diversity during different months.

Results: 30 species of birds distributed among 12 orders and 24 families have been recorded on 29 tree species from April to September, 2024 in the present study. The maximum species richness (22) was observed in the month of the April 2024 and July 2024. The order Passeriformes was the most dominant one out of total twelve orders of bird species observed. Relative abundance was found to be significantly different (p<0.05) in different months. Common Myna (Acridotheres tristis) showed maximum average relative abundance of 14.77 followed by Rose-ringed Parakeet (Psittacula krameri) and House Crow (Corvus spendens) with values12.35 and 9.02 respectively in the present study.

Conclusion: The study found that campus of S.D. College provides suitable habitat for birds and also shows that conserving diverse tree cover is crucial for sustaining bird populations in different months of year.

Methods: A total of 31 quantitative morphological characters were selected, out of which 12 were reproductive, and 19 were vegetative. Sectional analyses and stereomicroscopic imaging were employed in the anatomical investigation. In addition, the essential oil of the entire plant of both species was analysed using gas chromatography‑mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to see secondary metabolites.

Results: Results showed that the trichomes were present on the stem and mericarp of Ligusticopsis wallichiana but were not observed in the stem of Selinum vaginatum. The transverse section of the mericarp revealed differences in the number of vitae, while the stem showed variations in the number and structures of vascular bundles in both the species. Four compounds were common to both species i.e. Z-β-Ocimene, 3,5-Nonadiyne, cis-β-Farnesene, and α-Bisabolol, while remaining compounds were unique to each species.

Conclusion: The morphological and anatomical analysis, along with phytochemical investigations of putative chemotaxonomic marker compounds, can serve as valuable tools to support plant identification and classification, helping to prevent adulteration. This study suggests that combining structural traits and phytochemical profiling could help delineate the taxonomically challenging Selinum genus.

Methods: About thirty-six (36) adult Wistar rats were used in the study. These rats were randomly divided into six (6) groups, viz the normal control, diabetic control, diabetic treated with leaf extract, diabetic treated with root extract, diabetic treated with both leaf and root extracts, and diabetic treated with metformin, the standard drug. 150 mg/kg body weight of alloxan monohydrate was intraperitoneally given to the rats to induce diabetes. The experimental rats were exposed to treatments orally for 21 days. The study adopted standard methods for the estimation of the biochemical and haematological parameters, including fasting blood glucose, lipid profile, liver enzyme activities. Faecal sampling and culture-based methods were used to estimate the gut microbiota composition.

Results: The results of the study show that both the extracts from the leaves and roots of M. oleifera lowered blood glucose levels and lipid profile status at p < 0.05 level of significance. Similarly, the haematological and antioxidant parameters were normalised compared with diabetic controls, with the leaf extract exhibiting moderately higher potency. The results of the gut microbiota analysis showed that both the leaf and root extracts of M. oleifera exerted the modulation of bacterial diversity, reduction of pathogenic taxa and enrichment of beneficial commensals, with the combined extract showing synergistic effects.

Conclusion: The findings revealed that the leaf and root extracts of M. oleifera exert potent blood-sugar lowering and microbiota-modulating effects, hence support their use as a complementary therapeutic agent for the management of diabetes mellitus.

Methods: The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 10 treatments replicated thrice. Treatments included one recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF), six different nitrogen substitution levels with nano-urea (2-6 mL L^-¹), two foliar urea sprays (2%), and one control (without nitrogen).

Results: The study revealed that by applying 75% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through urea, along with a foliar spray of nano-urea @ 6 mL L^-¹^, achieved comparable productivity to the 100% RDF. This treatment also gave the highest green fodder yield, dry matter yield, and crude protein, along with maximum net return (₹64,208 ha^-¹) and B:C ratio (2.57). While the RDF also performed well, nano-urea treatments proved to be more economical and sustainable by reducing chemical nitrogen input by 25% without incurring a yield penalty. Higher levels of organic carbon and available nitrogen in post-harvest soil analysis were found under nano-urea treatments as compared to the control.

Conclusion: It was concluded that the foliar spray of nano-urea @ 6 mL L^-¹, along with 75% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN), is a viable option to enhance the productivity, profitability, and nutrient use efficiency in fodder maize under acidic subtropical conditions in Imphal.

Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 348 Sudanese clinicians. Participants completed a structured self-administered questionnaire assessing knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to early SLE recognition, alongside the demographic and professional characteristics. Data were analyzed using Chi-square, t-tests, ANOVA, and Pearson’s correlation.

Results: Among 348 clinicians (53% female; mean age 30.2 years), only 7% were rheumatologists and 33% had formal rheumatology and autoimmune training. Overall knowledge of early SLE features was moderate (mean 4.1/7), with higher scores in rheumatologists (p < 0.021) and trained clinicians (p < 0.036). Attitudes were positive (mean 21.5/25), especially with training (p < 0.038). In practice, 70% ordered Complete blood count (CBC) and 60% ordered Antinuclear antibody/double-stranded DNA (ANA/dsDNA) or referred appropriately; rates were higher among specialists (p < 0.017) and trained clinicians (p < 0.028). Main barriers were overlapping symptoms (33%) and limited test access (30%). Knowledge correlated with attitude (p < 0.020) and practice (p < 0.024) attitude correlated with practice (p < 0.011).

Conclusion: Sudanese clinicians are aware of early SLE features, but confirmatory diagnostic steps remain inconsistent. Expanding training and improving access to specialized tests could enhance early diagnosis and patient outcomes.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from August to November 2024 in Kassala State. Data were collected from 50 HBV-positive individuals using a structured questionnaire. Viral load was measured via quantitative PCR, and liver enzyme levels (ALT, AST, and ALP) were analyzed using standard biochemical assays. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 22.

Results: The study population consisted of 50% males and 50% females. Significant correlations were found between viral load and liver enzymes: ALT (r=0.833, p=0.000), AST (r=0.733, p=0.000), and ALP (r=0.586, p=0.000). Gender analysis revealed higher viral loads in females (p=0.044). No significant associations were observed between viral load and marital status (p=0.905), age (p=0.985), or duration of infection (p=0.960).

Conclusion: Elevated viral load was associated with increased liver enzyme levels, particularly in females. Routine viral load and liver enzyme monitoring are recommended to improve HBV management.

Methods: Plates were prepared with SDA, RBA, and Mycosel culture media. For sample analysis, one gram of each sample was weighed in triplicate and spread onto each plate. The plates were incubated for 7 to 14 days at 25°C. The species were then transferred to tubes containing the same culture medium and incubated for 7 days at the same temperature. Species were identified by their microscopic and macroscopic characteristics. Colonies (CFU) were counted, and the average was obtained for each medium. For the microscopic sample, they were transferred to a slide containing lactophenol and observed under a microscope. Taxonomic keys were used.

Results: The average number of colonies in the sludge was 25 CFU in the dry sludge and 44 CFU in the liquid sludge. Six genus were identified in the taxonomic analysis: Aspergillus, Penicillium, Trichoderma, Fusarium, Culvularia, and Rhizopus. Six fungal species were isolated from the liquid sludge: Rhizopus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus glaucus, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium sp., and Aspergillus terreus. Seven fungal species were isolated from the dry sludge: Aspergillus niger, Culvularia, Fusarium, Aspergillus flavus, Trichoderma, Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus terreus. The fungal genus with the most species identified was Aspergillus.

Conclusion: More colony and species growth were found in the liquid mud than in the dry mud. Most of the isolated fungi represent skin and respiratory diseases that can affect humans. Understanding these findings is critical to preventing potential illnesses in visitors to this site.

Methods: Between June 2022 and April 2024, dolphin abundance, socio‑ecological linkages, and anthropogenic stressors were examined using systematic sighting surveys, stakeholder interviews, field observations, participatory threat mapping, and key informant interview.

Results: A localized population of 19–20 dolphins were recorded in 2024 near the Koshi Barrage, displaying cooperative foraging behavior that indirectly benefits local fishers. However, fish biomass has declined by nearly 75% over two decades due to overfishing, toxic catch practices, and cross-border barriers restricting migratory pathways. Additional pressures include agricultural runoff, domestic effluents, barrage operations, vehicular vibrations, and seasonal low flows that fragment habitats. Despite these threats, cultural reverence for dolphins and the Malaha community’s traditional ecological knowledge provides crucial opportunities for inclusive stewardship.

Conclusion: Inclusive stewardship combining scientific monitoring, traditional knowledge, and regional cooperation is essential to safeguard Koshi River dolphins, restore fish biomass, and sustain Malaha livelihoods while preserving cultural and ecological integrity.

Methods: The study evaluated machine learning models for predicting banana crop yields across 31 districts of Tamil Nadu, India. Historical yield data from 2011-2018 were collected from governmental sources, with rainfall data from 2016-2018. After data preparation and pre-processing, three regression techniques, Multiple Linear Regression, Random Forest Regression, and Polynomial Regression, were implemented and compared. Multiple Linear Regression was selected to establish baseline linear relationships between cultivation parameters and yield outcomes, providing interpretable coefficients for agricultural decision-making. Random Forest Regression was chosen for its superior ability to capture complex non-linear interactions between multiple agricultural variables and handle real-world data inconsistencies in datasets. Polynomial Regression was utilized to examine non-linear relationships in the data, specifically curved patterns between cultivation area size and yield performance. The models were trained on key agricultural parameters, including cultivation area, productivity metrics, and rainfall patterns.

Results: Analysis revealed a weak negative correlation between cultivation area and productivity, with smaller areas (under 6000 Ha) achieving some of the highest productivity levels (70-90 tonnes / ha). Rainfall showed minimal impact on productivity, suggesting effective irrigation systems and water management practices in the region. The Random Forest model demonstrated superior performance with a 36% lower Root Mean Square value compared to other models. Polynomial Regression proved less effective due to data nonlinearity, while Multiple Linear Regression provided straightforward predictions but with lower accuracy.

Conclusion: The study confirms that Random Forest Regression is the most effective machine learning technique for banana yield prediction in Tamil Nadu's agricultural context. The findings suggest that successful banana cultivation in the region relies more on intensive farming practices in smaller areas rather than extensive cultivation.

Methods:  In this study ten batches of rice seeds treated with different dosages of ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) viz., 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, and 1.0% and kill curve analysis was carried out to determine lethal doses. To create M₁ population, the EMS doses of 0.4%, 0.5%, and with a higher dose 0.6% were used. Then, 700 (0.4% EMS), 700 (0.5% EMS), and 700 (0.6% EMS) M₂ families, were subsequently raised to record the chlorophyll mutations.

Results: The LD50 value resided at 0.4% to 0.5% EMS. The lethality of the rice increased linearly with a gradual increase in the EMS dosage. Frequency of M₂ families with chlorophyll mutants recorded in the EMS doses 0.4%, 0.5%, and 0.6% were 4.00%, 4.57%, and 6.14%, respectively.

Conclusion: The presence of chlorophyll mutants in the M₂ generation confirmed the occurrence of mutations in the mutant population. Hence, the reliability of the mutant population is verified to utilise this mutant population to screen for the trait of interest further.

Methods: This study documented the ecological knowledge of threatened species of the Kadar community in Anamalai, Western Ghats. The knowledge associated with indigenous terminology on threatened species such as Purple Frog, Cochin Forest Cane Turtle, Hornbills etc are used here to demonstrate the depth of associated ecological knowledge. It involved ethnographic engagement to understand their perspectives and practices.

Results: The Kadar language holds vital ecological knowledge, including unique names for species within the Anamalai landscape unit of the Southern Western Ghats. Their lexicon reveals intricate understandings of biodiversity, exemplified by "Karibmudan" (endangered tree) known uniquely to Vazhachal clans, and specific terms for "Koottupambu," "Chirapool," "Thattukottan," "Vatti Ongal," and "Karimbudan” for them alone and “Chirattan" which is shared across other indigenous communities of the Southern Western Ghats are highlighting the interconnected ecological comprehension.

Conclusion: The Kadar ethnic community's knowledge exemplifies deep ecological insights that are useful for the present conservation paradigm. Preserving this linguistic heritage is crucial for safeguarding traditional ecological knowledge and integrating indigenous perspectives into conservation, enriching our understanding of biodiversity and ensuring local community involvement.

Method: Participants completed a 200 item dichotomous questionnaire that mapped FIKR facets to the six RIASEC dimensions. “High” scores were defined empirically as scores in the top quartile of the observed distribution for each dimension. Because scores are discrete, ties at the cut off can produce proportions greater than 25%. Descriptive statistics were computed, and exploratory chi square tests and correlations were planned to add interpretive depth.

Results: Using the empirical top quartile cut offs, 50 individuals (38.5%) met the social threshold, 45 (34.6%) met the Artistic threshold, 38 (29.2%) met the Enterprising threshold, and 55 (42.3%) met the Conventional threshold. These subsets indicate interpersonal strength, creative potential, leadership inclination, and preference for structure, respectively.

Conclusion: A percentile based classification yields transparent and reproducible identification of high scoring subgroups relevant to healthcare and social helping work. The approach can inform recruitment, role placement, and targeted training for patient facing, creative, administrative, and leadership functions.

Methods: The current study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of high, medium, and low molecular weight chitosan on L929 fibroblast and MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines using the MTT assay. Different concentrations of low, medium, and high molecular weight chitosan were treated on both cell lines for 24 hours, followed by addition of MTT reagent. After 2 hrs incubation, the formazan crystals were dissolved in DMSO, and the optical density was measured to calculate cell viability.

Results: High molecular weight chitosan had the lowest cytotoxicity in L929 cells with an IC₅₀ of 496 ± 37.46^a µg/mL, while low molecular weight chitosan exhibited the highest cytotoxicity with an IC₅₀ of 345±9.03^c µg/mL. Interestingly, in the case of the MCF-7 cell line, the high molecular weight chitosan exerted a higher cytotoxic effect with an IC₅₀ value of 217 ± 5.72^d µg/mL, followed by 331 ± 13.55^c µg/mL of medium and 479 ± 14.75^a µg/mL of low molecular weight chitosan.

Conclusion: The current findings indicate that high molecular weight chitosan demonstrates greater compatibility compared to low and medium molecular weight chitosan in the L929 cell line. However, it also shows potential cytotoxic effects in the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line, suggesting its possible therapeutic application in drug delivery and cancer treatment.

Methods: SwissADME and ADMETlab 2.0 software tools were used to predict the drug-likeness of the compounds, and AutoDock Vina and UCSF Chimera were used for docking studies. The compound that showed best interaction with receptors (target proteins) was then experimentally validated through fasting blood glucose (FBG) assay.

Results: Findings of this study indicated that all the four phenolics were found to have good drug-like potential according to the rule-based filter models, with oral bioavailability scores of 55% better than acarbose (17%). However, of the four phenolics, only isorhamnetin was able to demonstrate good interactions with target receptors, indicating an outstanding inhibitory effect on aldose reductase (AR), dipeptidyl peptidase 4, and glutamine fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT). Experimental validation indicated that FBG levels of the diabetic control (untreated) group, acarbose- and isorhamnetin-treated groups were 421.00±9.10, 232.40±6.15, and 239.60±8.56 mg/dL, respectively, with a corresponding percentage decrease of 10.65±3.20, 52.07±1.78, and 50.13±2.60 respectively.

Conclusion: This study has demonstrated that furocoumarinic acid, liquiritin, isorhamnetin, and syringin from ethyl acetate fraction of A. conyzoides methanol leaf exhibited good drug-likeness potentials with 55% oral bioavailability. Out of which, only isorhamnetin was able to inhibit AR, DPP-4, and GFAT activities, and activate glucokinase through docking studies.

Methods: Samples from fine roots of fourteen species repeated six times each, were collected at Gelawdios church forest, Amhara region, Ethiopia. The six sites were separated by 200 meters (180 -200 meters). Chemical composition (concentration of elements) was analysed for the absorptive root of orders 1-3. Eleven elements (N, C, P, K, Ca, Mg, Al, Mn, Na, Fe and S) were analysed using different methods for CN (carbon and nitrogen) and the rest of nine elements.

Results: The studied chemical traits showed significant differences between many species and some functional groups. Carbon and nitrogen showed significant differences between species, but regarding functional groups, only the nitrogen difference was significant (concentrations ranged from 0.65% to 3.21% across species). Significance and non-significance were observed in the other nine elements (P, K, Ca, Mg, Al, Mn, Na, Fe and S) between species and at the same time between functional groups. The concentration values of elements are also highly variable between species.

Conclusion: The results indicated some higher, some similar and some lower values in comparison to global values and other research results. These differences and variations between species could be due to climatic and environmental resource differences at both in micro and macro levels. The study of biochemical root traits was very recommendable to see the extent of its effects on the determination of species’ functioning. Although the correlations of these traits were not as strong as the correlations of morphological traits, the difference was wide, indicating that these traits are crucial in functioning and hence in the life strategy of plants. This study has a profound contribution for the understanding of tropical regions’ root traits and hence for the improvement of global biogeochemical models.

Methods: A systematic sampling method was employed for the study. The study area is divided into 42 subunits corresponding to the 21 administrative units, the wards. Surveys were conducted covering 1 km at a time and the completed surveys were in every 21 wards. Data was collected using Google Forms with GPS geotagging in a collaborative effort involving local community members, ward members, the Biodiversity Management Committee, and environmentalists.

Results: Among these species, the White Dammar tree (Vateria indica) exhibited a notable frequency of 52.3%, with a density of 1.72 trees per km. Other threatened species, including Saraca asoca and Hydnocarpus pentandrus, demonstrated densities of 0.50 and 0.45 trees per km, respectively, each showing approximately 25% frequency. Syzygium caryophyllatum had a frequency of 21.4% with a density of 0.5 trees per km. The findings highlight the clustered distribution of Hopea ponga and Aporosa cardiosperma, which, despite their lower density, indicate significant local abundance. The coastal region, excluding saline intrusion areas, is deemed suitable for the preservation of these threatened species.

Conclusion: To enhance conservation efforts, the study advocates for the integration of these findings into the Local Level Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (LBSAP), alongside initiatives aimed at safeguarding the identified species and their habitats.

Methods: A cross-sectional hospital-based study was carried out, enrolling 100 patients diagnosed with acute appendicitis from October 2022 to March 2023. MLR, MHR, and Alvarado scores were assessed for each patient. Their diagnostic performance for acute appendicitis was assessed, and values were compared between uncomplicated and complicated cases. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v22.0.

Results: MLR, MHR, and Alvarado scores were significantly elevated in patients with acute appendicitis and showed strong associations with disease severity and ultrasound findings (P value <0.05). These markers demonstrated robust diagnostic value for detecting acute appendicitis in general, as well as for distinguishing between uncomplicated and complicated cases.

Conclusion: MLR, MHR, and Alvarado score are valuable, available aids for diagnosing acute appendicitis and assessing its severity. Their integration into clinical protocols can improve early detection, risk stratification, and clinical decision-making, particularly in settings where advanced imaging is limited.

Case presentation: We report the case of a 14-year-old male who presented with acute right iliac fossa pain and underwent appendectomy for suspected appendicitis. The patient was operated on, and the tissue was sent for histopathology, where a diagnosis of primary appendiceal lymphoma was made. Histopathological analysis and immunohistochemistry revealed a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma that was immunopositive for CD20. The patient succumbed to death on the seventh post-operative day.

Conclusion: This case highlights the importance of routine histopathological examination of appendectomy specimens and the need for multidisciplinary management. A high suspicion of non-Hodgkin lymphoma is important for early diagnosis, so that patients will receive treatment in the early stage, which can lead to a better prognosis.

Methods: In this prospective, randomized clinical trial, 90 patients aged 6–30 years with amblyopia (n = 30), CI (n = 30), or AD (n = 30) were randomized equally to AVT or CVT. Primary outcomes included best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA, LogMAR), near point of convergence (NPC, cm), positive fusional vergence (PFV, Δ), amplitude of accommodation (AA, D), accommodative facility (AF, cycles/min), and near point of accommodation (NPA, cm). Secondary outcome was symptom burden (CISS score). Outcomes were assessed at baseline, 2, 4, and 6 months.

Results: AVT improved amblyopia (BCVA) more than CVT, with a mean difference of -0.19 LogMAR at 6 months (95% CI -0.22 to -0.17; p < 0.001; Cohen's d = 2.84). AVT increased PFV by +2.6Δ (95% CI 1.90 to 3.30; p < 0.001; d = 1.77) and decreased NPC by -3.7 cm (95% CI -4.18 to -3.22; p < 0.001; d = 4.03), indicating convergence insufficiency. Accommodative dysfunction (NPA, AA, AF): AF increased by +2.6 cycles/min (95% CI 1.83 to 3.37; p < 0.001; d = 1.78), whereas AA changes were negligible and did not statistically differ across groups. NPA improved by –3.2 cm (95% CI –3.63 to –2.77; p < 0.001; d = 3.81). Symptoms (CISS): 82% of AVT patients achieved asymptomatic state, compared to 48% in CVT, and AVT decreased ratings by -5.2 points as compared to CVT (95% CI –6.58 to –3.82; p < 0.001; d = 2.00).

Conclusions: When compared to the traditional method, advanced vision therapy showed more rapid and noticeable enhancements in visual acuity, convergence, accommodation, and symptom reduction. According to these findings, AVT is a useful and successful treatment for common binocular vision problems.

Methods: A thorough search of the SCOPUS database was performed using relevant keywords to identify relevant publications of the last 20 years. The bibliometrix package of R statistical programming language was used to generate compelling descriptive statistics, elaborate network visualizations, and other insightful scientometric metrics.

Results: The Journal of Nematology published a higher number of publications with 3212 citations. Aligarh Muslim University and Indian Agricultural Research Institute, India are the most productive institutions whereas, the National Natural Science Foundation of China funded the highest number of research projects. The quantitative analysis and statistics of SCOPUS data offer valuable insight into the research landscape, highlighting the most active nations, institutions, and authors, along with the most-cited articles and burgeoning research directions.

Conclusion: The study provided deep insight into the different research areas which may help to improve the understanding of research patterns and knowledge about M. incognita. Furthermore, the data generated here can be of potential value to researchers and policymakers interested in addressing the challenges associated with M. incognita infestations.

Case Presentation: In this article, 2 cases with excessive space in the anterior region are discussed. The prosthetic rehabilitation was done by using a modified FPD with loop connectors instead of a conventional FPD design. Using this method to restore patients’ natural smiles helped boost confidence and patient satisfaction.

Conclusion: Replacing a single anterior tooth is a complex and demanding procedure that can be successfully achieved using implant-supported restorations, conventional porcelain-fused-to-metal crowns, or resin-bonded fixed partial dentures. A range of aesthetic treatment options should be carefully considered when planning the best approach for such patients.

Methods: Triploidy was induced in fertilized eggs of Schizothorax richardsonii using hydrostatic pressure shocks of 5000, 6000, and 7000 psi, applied for either 3 or 5 minutes at 12 minutes post-fertilization. Ploidy status was verified through cytogenetic analysis. At 75 days post-hatching, vertebral deformities were assessed via morphological examination. Deformity rates were statistically compared across treatment groups and against untreated diploid controls.

Results: The treatment of 5000 psi for 5 minutes produced the highest triploidy induction rate. All triploid groups exhibited significantly higher vertebral deformity rates compared to diploid controls. The maximum recorded deformity rate was 3.5 ± 0.13% in the 7000 psi / 5 minute group, whereas diploid controls showed no deformities (0.0%). Our findings revealed that deformities increased with rising pressure intensity or prolonged exposure.

Conclusion: Triploidy induction in S. richardsonii has significant potential for enhancing aquaculture production, but it also increases the risk of skeletal deformities. These deformities can adversely affect fish survival, marketability, and production costs. To improve the commercial feasibility and ethical standards of triploid fish farming, further research should focus on optimizing induction parameters and investigating alternative methods to minimize deformities.

Methods: Descriptive statistics, four-way Venn diagram, PCA biplot, correlation network, and Composite Performance Index (CPI) from standardized PC1 (grain yield-driven) with k-means clustering were employed to dissect variability and rank genotypes.

Results: Descriptive statistics revealed extensive phenotypic variation, particularly in grain yield per plant (4.95–45.5 g), plant height (PH) (68.1–168.0 cm), and total tillers /productive tillers, while intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE) showed broad adaptation potential. A four-way Venn diagram of top-performing genotypes across source, sink, growth, and phenology categories highlighted limited functional overlap, emphasizing trait-specific excellence. Principal component analysis (PCA) biplot explained 39.9% of variation (PC1: 23.5%, PC2: 16.4%) and delineated three genotype clusters viz., yield-oriented genotypes processing high total tillers, productive tillers, and spikelet fertility. Physiologically efficient genotypes having enhanced photosynthetic rate (PNET) and iWUE. Genotypes with large flag leaf area (FLA) and PH contributing for tall and biomass accumulation with lower yield efficiency. Correlation network analysis identified three interconnected clusters reproductive/yield-related, morphological/growth, and physiological. Plant height trait interconnects all these clusters in the correlation network. The Composite Performance Index (CPI), derived from standardized PC1 with grain yield as the directional driver, ranked genotypes continuously with k-mean clustering, discriminate the genotypes in to three clusters (Low, medium and high performing). Genotypes viz., IRIS_313-10260, IRIS_313-9160, and IRIS_313-10609 identified as best performing genotypes.

Conclusion: Established a multivariate pipeline that integrates the morphological/growth, reproductive/yield-related, physiological, and phenological traits into an ideotype framework. No genotype excels across all modules, but top CPI performers (IRIS_313-10260, IRIS_313-9160, IRIS_313-10609) integrate complementary strengths, making them ideal core donors.

Methods: Genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted on a panel of 100 genetically diverse rice genotypes to dissect the genetic architecture of the Composite Performance Index (CPI), a multivariate principal component score integrating all major agronomic traits.

Results: Full annotation of all nine significant SNPs revealed perfect convergence on four biologically coherent functional modules. Four reproducible quantitative loci (CPI-1, CPI-4, CPI-8 and CPI-11) were identified, explaining the major gradients in field performance. These loci encompass biologically coherent modules linked to energy metabolism, growth regulation, cell-wall integrity and dehydration response. Favourable alleles were located on chromosomes 8 and 11 contributing +1.12 and +1.38 CPI units, respectively. Unfavourable alleles on chromosomes 1 and 4 were associated with stress response and growth-defense trade-offs. The combined fixation of favourable haplotypes from CPI-8 and CPI-11 while purging unfavourable alleles from CPI-1 and CPI-4 predicted a +2.5 CPI gain representing the top 1% ideotype.

Conclusion: The two tightly linked SNPs on chromosome 8 (separated by only 1,069 bp) tag the identical haplotype and are therefore merged into a single locus (CPI-8). No additional loci reached genome-wide significance, confirming that CPI is controlled by a compact, high-impact genetic architecture amenable to rapid marker-assisted pyramiding. The compact genetic basis uncovered in this study provides a practical foundation for marker-assisted selection and genomic designing of high-performing rice varieties.

Methods: Thus, in this study, we explored the bioactive components of foxnut extract by employing ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) to comprehensively profile the components.

Results: Our results showed that over 3000 compounds were initially detected and annotated, of which around 40 were selected based on spectral database comparisons. Out of all, fifteen bioactive metabolites were prioritized and classified into five therapeutic categories: vitamins, cardio-renal and anti-diabetic agents, anti-cancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory compounds, neuroprotective agents, and reproductive health modulators. Notable compounds included thiamine, agmatine, betulin, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and testosterone undecanoate, all supported by literature evidence for their health-promoting roles.

Conclusion: These findings provide the detailed metabolite map of Euryale ferox and highlight its potential as a natural reservoir of pharmacologically relevant compounds for functional food and nutraceutical development.

Methods: Leaf extracts of R. cinerea were prepared using two solvents: methanol and ethyl acetate, and tested at varying concentrations (0.5–3.0%) against diamond back moth larvae. In parallel, the life cycle of P. xylostella was observed to complete within 20–25 days under controlled conditions.

Results: At 24 hours post-treatment, the lowest mortality (10.71%) was recorded with the 0.5% methanol extract, while the highest (39.28%) was observed with the 3.0% ethyl acetate extract. After 48 hours, the methanol extract at 0.5% and 1.5% concentrations both showed 17.85% mortality, whereas the 3.0% ethyl acetate extract achieved a significantly higher mortality of 50%. By 72 hours, mortality rates increased across treatments, with the 3.0% ethyl acetate extract showing the highest efficacy (72.41%), while the lowest was again seen with 0.5% methanol extract (39.28%).

Conclusion: The study demonstrates that R. cinerea exhibits promising larvicidal activity against P. xylostella, with ethyl acetate extracts proving more effective than methanol. These findings highlight the potential of R. cinerea as a sustainable botanical pesticide for managing diamondback moth populations, contributing to environmentally safe pest management strategies.

Methods: The current study was laid out in a Randomised Complete Block Design with two replications to quantify the genetic diversity among the 50 germplasm accessions of foxtail millet at the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Nandyal, during Rabi, 2023-24. Upon Mahalanobis D² analysis of 16 morpho-physiological and yield-attributes.

Results: Six clusters were formed from 50 accessions studied. Cluster I was the largest comprising 22 accessions, followed by clusters II and III, were 16 and 9 accessions respectively.  The remaining three clusters, IV, V, and VI, were solitary. Clusters V (SiA 3159) and VI (SiA 4389) had the greatest inter-cluster distance of 35.11%. The traits that contributed the most to genetic divergence were photosynthetic rate (39.59%), 1000-grain weight (17.47%), relative water content (16.41%) and fodder yield per plant (10.45%).

Conclusion: This study suggests that selecting for these traits might be beneficial for improving foxtail millet. Based on their overall appearance and per se performance from a diverse cluster, the accessions SiA 3290, SiA 4345, SiA 4391, SiA 4281, SiA 4389, SiA 4396, and SiA 3159 were found desirable. These selected foxtail millet accessions can be employed in the hybridization programmes and interbreed to produce better transgressive segregants, offering a high potential for yield in subsequent generations.

Methods: This study assessed 221 samples for Candida albicans using conventional methods like Gram staining, germ tube tests, and biochemical analysis. Molecular techniques, specifically PCR, were employed to detect the ERG2 gene and amplify internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences for accurate identification and antifungal resistance evaluation. Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed using the agar dilution method against a panel of five drugs. The amplified ITS regions were also subjected to sequencing for further molecular characterization of the isolates.

Results: The maximum prevalence of Candida species was observed in the female patients (116 out of 129). The age group 21-30 showed a higher prevalence of Candida species also showed higher resistance to antifungal drugs. The maximum resistance observed was for Nystatin (83.7%) and Itraconazole (83.0%) for all the age groups. The ERG2 gene detection was limited to females' isolates, especially from the vaginal and endocervical swabs.

Conclusion: Our study thus supports the use of molecular techniques, particularly the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), as a key marker for identifying fungi.

Methods: The extraction process involved sequential steps: ammonium sulfate precipitation, dialysis, gel filtration chromatography, and SDS-PAGE analysis. Enzyme activity was assessed under varying pH levels and temperatures and in the presence of selected metal ions. The molecular weights of the purified enzymes were determined using SDS-PAGE.

Results: Purification folds were 4.0, 2.5, and 1.6, with corresponding yields of 19.5%, 18.4%, and 19.2% for Watermelon, Whitemelon, and Blackmelon, respectively. Optimal pH values were 6.0 for White and Blackmelon and 7.5 for Watermelon. The temperature optima were recorded at 30°C (Watermelon), 40°C (Blackmelon), and 50°C (Whitemelon). SDS-PAGE revealed distinct protein bands at 55, 38, and 35 kDa for Watermelon and White melon, whereas no defined band was observed for Black melon. Nickel ions significantly enhanced enzyme activity, while Mg²⁺, Hg²⁺, EDTA, Ba²⁺, Ca²⁺, and K⁺ exhibited inhibitory effects in decreasing order. Kinetic parameters revealed V_max values of 0.000611, 0.000410, and 0.000163 U/sec for watermelon, blackmelon, and whitemelon, respectively, with corresponding K_m values of 0.0341, 0.0469, and 0.0021 mg/mL.

Conclusion: These findings suggest that urease derived from these sprouted melon varieties holds potential for immobilization and utilization in urea biosensing and other urease-based biotechnological applications.

Methods: This comparative observational study included 50 eyes from 26 patients 25 eyes (13 patients) in each group: dialysis-dependent CKD (Group A) and non-dialysis-dependent CKD (Group B). All underwent phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation, performed by the same surgeon. Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and near vision were measured preoperatively and at 4 weeks postoperatively. Statistical analyses included paired and independent t-tests, effect sizes (Cohen’s d), and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Significance threshold: p < 0.05.

Results: Both groups showed highly significant improvement in BCVA (p < 0.001 within groups). Group A improved from 0.82 ± 0.31 to 0.20 ± 0.08 logMAR (mean gain: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.51–0.73; d = 2.51), and Group B from 0.78 ± 0.29 to 0.19 ± 0.07 logMAR (mean gain: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.49–0.69; d = 2.54). UCVA gains were similar (both 0.78 logMAR; d > 3.1). No statistically significant between-group differences were found for postoperative BCVA (p = 0.628) or UCVA (p = 0.482). Minor postoperative complications occurred in 12% of eyes in both groups and resolved without sequelae.

Conclusion: Short-term visual outcomes after phacoemulsification are comparable between dialysis-dependent and non-dialysis CKD patients, with large effect sizes and minimal complications. These findings suggest that dialysis dependence should not be a barrier to timely cataract surgery when systemic status is optimized, supporting proactive surgical intervention to improve quality of life in this high-risk population.

Oral processing including bite size and the number of chews per gram of food is influenced by food texture and complexity (Slyper, 2021). Even when patients are informed about the relevance of dental care in this context, additional barriers often arise. These include emotional responses to the proposed therapeutic approach, conflicts with other scheduled appointments, limited access to services, the need for consistent dental management and monitoring of individuals with severe obesity, the cost and time required for care, and the pursuit of satisfactory outcomes. These factors must be addressed without compromising the broader treatment goals or becoming obstacles within the multidisciplinary process. This sense of lack of control and professional ineffectiveness is frequently reported by oral health practitioners, particularly in the public healthcare system in Northeastern Brazil. The current scenario calls for the adoption of innovative approaches and strategic planning, enabling the full and effective integration of dentistry within the multidisciplinary care team.

Case presentation: A case report of 4 years old Sudanese boy patient who was hospitalized with sickle cell disease (SCD). Complete blood count (CBC) parameters were analyzed using 3PD Automated Hematology Analyzer. Peripheral blood picture (PBP) was prepared and stained using leishmen's stain. The data calculate using alternative formula as following. Corrected TWBCs = {mean white blood cells (HPF)/ mean NRBCs (HPF)} × TWBCs. The laboratory findings revealed TWBCs: 124×10³/μL, PBP show one WBCs among each 30 NRBCs in ratio of 0.033, the corrected TWBCs: 4.09×10³/μL. NRBCs: 119.9×10³/μL.

Conclusion: The presence of NRBCs on ratio more than 1:1 NRBCs to WBCs must be calculated using an alternative formula for calculation of NRBCs and corrected TWBCs specially in cases of severe hemolytic anemia and megaloblastic anemia.

Methods: Sequence retrieval from SNP seek database (https://snp-seek.irri.org), allelic diversity and haplotype analysis.

Results: OsMATL has 30 variations according to allelic diversity analysis. Three haplotypes (H1, H2 and H3) were identified based on three non-synonymous SNPs for MATL gene.

Conclusion: Established haplotype analysis for the MATL gene for the 783 lines belongs to 3K Rice genome panel.

Methods: The experiments were laid out in split plot design with three replications. The main plot treatments include M₁ - Sole sunflower, M₂ - sunflower + greengram and subplot treatments include S₁ - RDF alone (60:90:60 kg of NPK ha^-1), S₂: RDF + Poultry manure compost @ 6t ha^-1, S₃: RDF + Poultry manure compost @ 6t ha^-1 + Sulphur @ 45 kg ha^-1 through gypsum, S₄: RDF + Poultry manure compost @ 6t ha^-1 + Sulphur @ 45kg ha^-1 + AM Fungi @12 kg ha^-1.

Results: The experiment’s findings showed that the yield, quality, nutrient uptake and economics of sole sunflower were significantly influenced by RDF + Poultry manure compost @ 6t ha^-1 + sulphur @ 45 kg ha^-1 + AM fungi @ 12 kg ha^-1 (M₁S₄). In terms of economics, sunflower + greengram intercropping system along with the application of RDF + Poultry manure compost @ 6t ha^-1 + Sulphur @ 45 kg ha^-1 + AM Fungi @ 12 kg ha^-1 (M₂S₄) recorded the highest BCR of 2.74.

Conclusion: Based on the results, it could be concluded that sunflower + greengram intercropping with the application of RDF (60:90:60 kg of NPK ha^-1) + Poultry manure compost @ 6t ha^-1 + Sulphur @ 45 kg ha^-1 through Gypsum + AM Fungi @ 12 kg ha^-1 (M₂S₄) was agronomically sound and economically feasible practice to maximize the productivity and profitability of sunflower growing farmers in Tamil Nadu.

Case Presentation: A 71-year-old male with a solitary functioning kidney presented with worsening renal function, chronic hyponatremia, and recurrent flash pulmonary edema. The patient presented with a 95% ostial stenosis of the right renal artery. Percutaneous renal artery stenting was performed successfully, resulting in improved clinical status and renal function. Serum creatinine decreased from 3.07 mg/dL to 2.1 mg/dL post-procedure. The patient remained stable at a two-month follow-up.

Conclusion: Renal artery stenting in patients with ischemic nephropathy secondary to RAS can significantly improve renal function and overall clinical outcomes. Early intervention should be considered in similar cases to prevent irreversible renal damage.

Methods: The current study aimed to find the correlation between anthropometric measurements, lipid profile, visfatin, apelin, and blood pressure parameters in 31 newly diagnosed hypertensive patients and 32 enalapril-treated hypertensive patients.

Results: In enalapril treated patients, a significant negative relationship between visfatin and triglyceride (TG). Conversely, there is a positive correlation between visfatin and HDL. Moreover, visfatin expressed a negative correlation with VLDL. Concerning the newly diagnosed hypertensive group, a non-significant correlation was found between serum visfatin and lipid profile parameters. Additionally, a significant negative correlation between apelin and DBP in enalapril treated patients. Moreover, significant negative correlation between apelin and SBP in enalapril treated patients. On the other hand, a non-significant correlation between apelin and blood pressure parameters in the newly diagnosed hypertensive group was found. Moreover, there was a significant positive relationship between BMI and visfatin by comparing these two variables in all studied group participants.

Conclusion: We concluded that anthropometric measurements, adipokines, and lipid profiles most closely relate to high blood pressure in hypertensive patients.

Methods: The chosen trees were treated with sprays at two distinct phases using the following methods: Urea 1 per cent + NAA 20 ppm (T₁), Urea 1 per cent + Salicylic acid 200 ppm (T₂), Urea 2 per cent  + NAA 20 ppm (T₃), Urea 2 per cent  + Salicylic acid 200 ppm (T₄), KNO₃ 1 per cent  + NAA 20 ppm (T₅), KNO₃ 1 per cent  + Salicylic acid 200 ppm (T₆), KNO₃ 2 per cent  + NAA 20 ppm (T₇), KNO₃ 2 per cent  + Salicylic acid 200 ppm (T₈), Water Spray (T₉) and Control (T₁₀).

Results: The plants treated with KNO₃ at a concentration of two per cent and NAA at 20 ppm exhibited the highest levels of total number of flowers per panicle (791.82), hermaphrodite flowers (239.406), percentage of fruit set (0.48), number of fruits per tree (129.22), yield (50.04) and quality parameters viz., total soluble solids (16.77°Brix), titratable acidity (0.30 per cent), ascorbic acid (20.56 mg), total sugar (19.58 per cent), reducing sugar (5.60 per cent) and non-reducing sugar (14.26 per cent) compared to other treatment combinations.

Conclusion: In a nutshell, applications of KNO₃ at a concentration of two per cent and NAA at a concentration of 20 ppm had a positive effect on the flowering, yield and quality aspects of mango cv. Banganapalli.

Method: The experiment utilized a Randomized Block Design featuring ten treatments, which included different quantities of zinc oxide (ZnO), boron trioxide (B₂O₃), calcium oxide (CaO), and magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles foliar spray have been given to the guava (Psidium guajava L.) var. Arka Kiran.

Results: Demonstrated that ZnO nanoparticles at 1000 ppm (T₄) significantly enhanced on different stages of plant height (2.26 and 2.43 m), canopy spread (1.98 m NS 1.76 m EW and 1.91 m NS 1.92 m EW) during fruit development and harvesting stage, (23.89) days taken for flower initiation, (12.68) days taken from flowering to fruit set, (122.36) days taken from fruit set to maturity, (205.24) flowers per tree and chlorophyll on different stages (31.88, 43.43, 59.53 and 53.36) fruit set per cent (72.10) fruit retention per cent (48.98) number of fruits per tree (72.50) and estimated yield per tree (12.82) compared to other treatments and control.

Conclusion: The findings confirm the potential of nano-nutrient formulations, particularly ZnO nanoparticles in improving guava morphological characteristics, flowering characteristics and physiological health. These results provide a foundation for optimized nutrient management strategies in guava cultivation, promoting sustainable agricultural practices and enhancing productivity.

Methods: Cross-sectional study based on a clinical trial of 40 patients who underwent a 14-week weight loss intervention. As part of the evaluations, weight, height, waist circumference and total body fat were obtained, which are the variables analyzed in this study. Pearson's correlation test was performed in duplicate: before and after the intervention. In all cases a p<0.05 was considered significant.

Results: The waist-to-height ratio correlated moderately with total body fat (R=0.7) before the intervention. At the end of the intervention the correlation increased to strong (R=0.8). When stratifying by body mass index grades, a trend of higher correlation was observed in the body mass index group between 25 and 26.9 kg/m² (0.7 before and 0.85 after the intervention, respectively).

Conclusions: The waist-to-height ratio is not a substitute for plycometry, but it can be useful in predicting a low-grade systemic inflammatory state, especially in patients with a body mass index under 27 kg/m². Further research is needed to assess the cutoff point at which low-grade systemic inflammation begins, so that more accurate information can be provided for intervention based on waist-to-height ratio.

Methods: Pyrazole derivatives were synthesized by reacting chalcones with hydrazine hydrate in an ultrasonicator. The compounds were characterized by TLC, melting point, FTIR, and ¹H NMR. ADMET studies were performed in software to evaluate drug-likeness. Docking studies were performed in PyRx software, and FMO calculations were done using ORCA software.

Results: Docking studies for antibacterial potential showed compound B5 had the strongest antibacterial binding (-8.8 kcal/mol), which is better than ciprofloxacin (-7.4 kcal/mol). For antifungal, B1 and B8 had higher affinities (-8.7 kcal/mol), compared to fluconazole (-7.5 kcal/mol). Quantum calculations revealed B5 and B9 had the lowest SCF energies, indicating greater stability, while variations in dipole moments suggested differences in polarity affecting solubility and interactions. Compounds B5 and B6 showed consistent antibacterial and antifungal activity across tested strains.

Conclusion: With the growing challenge of anti-bacterial resistance, developing effective and sustainable anti-bacterial agents is crucial. This study efficiently synthesized pyrazole derivatives via ultrasound-assisted green chemistry, showing promising anti-bacterial activity and potential for further optimization.

Methods: In order to assess adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and improve medication safety monitoring, this non-interventional study gathered data from 250 pediatric patients. The study was conducted over a period of 12 months from September 2021 to September 2022 at Anu Hospitals and Priya Children’s Hospital, Vijayawada.

Results: With a focus on frequently prescribed drugs in pediatric care, the study examined the frequency, intensity, and type of adverse drug reactions (ADRs).

Conclusion: With a focus on frequently prescribed drugs in pediatric care, the study examined the frequency, intensity, and type of adverse drug reactions (ADRs).

Methods: Rain may be consistently and precisely detected using a variety of technologies and methods, including conductive, optical, capacitive, and auditory sensors. The flow study illustrates the procedures required to operate the coconut shell rain sensor. The coconut shell is used to characterize the rain sensor. When the rain sensor detects precipitation, the motor activates, and the surface water level is utilized to remove surplus runoff and rainfall water from the farmed land's surface. This allows rainwater to be stored for use in the circuit later on. If this is the case, it is used to gauge the quantity of water in the soil and is required to gauge the field's water level. The pump will start working, and the alarm will sound if there is an excess of water detected.

Results: Rainwater flow in the field might occur after a period of intense rain, which would impact crop development and yield. The issue here is that the sensor uses sound to signal rain in order to prevent erosion and excessive water overflow via the channel. The sensor is used to subtract rain based on time. With the aid of the Rain Alarm Sensor, this research offers a pump to release extra water through the appropriate route. The analysis conducted with this data demonstrates how the sensor functions as a flow chart study, and the comparison of various technologies reveals that, out of the three sensors we have put up for review, Sensor A (sensitivity at 0.1 mm/hr, A has the quickest reaction time, at 100 ms, Sensor A at 95%) is the top performer. Out of all of them, sensor A displays the finest performance.

Conclusion: This experiment may be used to find out what is more helpful to farmers when it rains. It is also extremely helpful to find out the field's surface water level in case any extra water runs off and lowers the water level in the cultivated region.

Methods: An experiment was carried out to assess the effect of planting materials on the growth, yield and quality of Cassava varieties viz., H 226 and CO 2. The experiment was laid out in a Factorial Randomized Block Design with four treatments in two varieties and three replications. Observations were recorded on various growth, yield and quality attributes of the crop.

Results: Significant results on plant height, stem girth, number of branches and number of leaves are recorded with tissue cultured plants. There is no significant difference among the treatments for starch, HCN and protein contents. There is a significant difference in starch content among the varieties. The variety CO 2 possessed more starch content than H 226.

Conclusion: Among the four treatments (different kinds of planting materials) followed in this study, the treatment T₁ Tissue cultured plants recorded lesser incidence of cassava mosaic virus, more number of fibrous roots, highest values for plant height, stem girth and tuber yield. Among the varieties, CO 2 showed the least incidence of cassava mosaic virus. The CO 2 tissue culture plants could give better yield in the field conditions.

Methods: An experiment was conducted in the horticulture farm of the Campus of Live Sciences located at Tulsipur, Dang, Nepal at an altitude of 725 m for two consecutive years (2021 and 2022 AD) to evaluate the growth and yield performance of different open pollinated cauliflower cultivars. Five open pollinated cauliflower cultivars viz. Kathmandu Local, Khumal Jyapu, Agheni, Terai-1 and Terai-2 were treated as treatments and were replicated four times in Randomized Complete Block Design.

Results: The experiment revealed that the cauliflower cultivar Khumal Jyapu and Agheni had consistently higher plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, leaf length, leaf breadth, fresh leaf weight, biological yield, economic yield, and harvest index.

Conclusion: Considering their economically important growth and yield attributes Khumal Jyapu and Agheni were found to be the suitable mid-season cultivars under Dang condition. Hence, Khumal Jyapu and Agheni could be promoted for cultivation in the agro climatic zones related to that of Tulsipur, Dang.

Methods: The present study on “Effect of foliar application of plant growth regulators on growth, seed yield and quality of okra” was conducted at Department of Agril. Botany Farm, Agriculture College, Pune and laboratory studies was conducted in STRU, MPKV, Rahuri. The field trial was conducted in randomized block design (RBD) having nine treatments including control with three replications and lab experiment was conducted in completely randomised block design (CRD). The treatments comprise of different plant growth regulators such as GA₃ at 100 ppm, 200 ppm, 250 ppm, NAA at 100 ppm, 200 ppm, IBA at 100 ppm, 150 ppm, Kinetin at 200 ppm including control (No spray control). Two foliar sprays of each plant growth regulator treatment were applied at 30 and 45 days after sowing.

Results: The plant growth regulator GA₃ at 250 ppm foliar spraying was found to be the best treatment for plant growth, seed yield and quality characters of okra variety Phule Vimukha viz., days to 50% flowering (40 days), plant height (89.83 cm), number of leaves (25.50), number of branches (3.92), moisture content (16.50 %), germination (93.33 %), seedling length (24.20 cm), root length (9.23 cm), shoot length (15.27 cm), shoot root ratio (1.80), seedling dry weight (29.26 g), seed vigour index (2258), hard seeds (2.50),  dead seed (3.50), electrical conductivity (1.07 dS/m), number of fruits per plant (15.00), fruit length (19.53 cm), fruit diameter (2.00 cm), number of seeds per fruit (52.00), 100 seed weight (7.87 g), seed yield per plant (58.05 g).

Conclusion: Application of plant growth regulator GA₃ at 250 ppm treatment as two foliar sprayings at 30 and 45 DAS was found more promising in increasing growth, yield and quality characters of okra variety Phule Vimukha as compared to the untreated control.

In this study, demographic data of neurosurgery patients brought to the emergency room were examined and their results were evaluated. Patients who were brought to the Emergency Department of the Faculty of Medicine Hospital and hospitalized for neurosurgery over a three-year period were retrospectively analyzed from computer records. Of the 82250 patients who came to the emergency department within three years, 354 (0.43%) were followed up in the neurosurgery clinic. The mean age of the patients was 39.42 ± 22.50 (0-90), of which 213 (60.4%) were male and 141 (39.6%) were female. The most frequent applications were in October, December and January. The patients were brought to the emergency department with the most common complaints of headache, low back pain, traffic accident, falling from a height and dizziness. Glasgow coma scale was below 8 in 70 of the patients, and it was between 9-12,160 in 124 and 13-15 in 124 patients.

The most common diagnoses were lumbar pathologies (disc hernia, vertebral fracture), brain mass (diagnosed control patients), subarachnoid hemorrhage, hydrocephalus, epidural and subdural hemorrhage. Medical treatment was applied to 187 patients and surgical treatment was applied to 167 patients. While the number of patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit was 136, the mean day was 1.75 ± 5.91 (0-82) days, while the mean length of stay in the service was 8.06 ± 5.62 (1-37) days. Of the patients followed, 66 died and the most common diagnosis was intracranial hemorrhage. 288 patients were discharged with good recovery and were followed up in the outpatient clinic.

As a result, when neurosurgery patients are evaluated in emergency service admissions, it is seen that the number is low.

However, patients who are really urgent should be evaluated by making a differential diagnosis with a good physical examination and necessary tests (Şenol et al., 2014; Cook et al., 2020; Yang et al., 2021;  Madhok et al., 2022).

Methods: We retrospectively analysed 111 patients who presented to the emergency department and underwent tube thoracostomy. Pearson chi-square test, Fisher's Exact test and Mann Whitney U test were used to analyse the data in our study.

Results: In our study, 22.5% (25) of the patients died and 54.1% (60) were discharged. The mean duration of hospitalisation was 8.9±6.3 days. Among the patients who underwent tube thoracostomy, 79.3% (88) had traumatic and 20.7% (23) had spontaneous pneumothorax. The incidence of pneumothorax was significantly higher in patients under 40 years of age than in patients over 40 years of age (p=0.003). Complications developed in 17.1% (19) of the patients. The most common complication was malposition.

Conclusion: Tube thoracostomy is frequently performed in our emergency department. Although it is a life-saving procedure, complications are common and may result in death. Morbidity and mortality can be reduced with experience and compliance with surgical sterility.

Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted between 2019 to 2020. Fifty healthy students (male and female) were randomly selected according to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Blood samples were collected into EDTA tubes. RBCs parameters were measured immediately after collection to obtain baseline values, then stored at room temperature (24°C) and further measurements were obtained at  6, 12 and 24 hours after collection. Analysis was performed using fully automated hematology analyzer (sysmex XP-300).

Results: Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) computer program (version 20).  P-value >0.05 was considered statistically significant. The study proved that RBC's count, Hb and MCH were least affected by storage at 24°C, showed stability after 24 hours (P= 0.943, 0.999, 0.75 respectively). In contrast, MCV showed a significant increase after 6 hours (P= 0.002), and PCV increased significantly after 12 hours (P> 0.001). A highly significant decrease was observed in MCHC after 12 hours (P> 0.001). While RDW-CV, revealed a highly significant increase after 12 hours (P < 0.001).

Conclusion: The study concluded that some RBCs parameters are changed with storage at room temperature. Therefore, it is recommended that RBCs parameters should be measured immediately after blood sample collection.

Case Presentation: The outpatients showed significant hyperglycemia (random blood glucose: 433 mg/dL) and highly positive urine ketones (+++), aligning with a diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis. Ironically, HbA1c obtained through standard immunoassay was 6.5%, which is categorized within the non-diabetic range. Follow-up hemoglobin fractionation showed an increased fetal hemoglobin (HbF) concentration of 4.1%, causing worry about assay interference and leading to a reassessment of the HbA1c outcome.

Conclusion: Elevated fetal hemoglobin (>4%) can falsely lower HbA1c, especially with immunoassay or boronate-affinity methods. Ion-exchange HPLC or electrophoresis is recommended, and clinicians should integrate alternative glycemic markers or continuous glucose monitoring to guide management accurately.

Methods: Four varieties of chickpea viz., Eshete, Dimtu, Teketay and Local were inoculated with three Rhizobium strains (Cp11, Cp17, Cp41) and one control, arranged in factorial combinations, were evaluated in a completely randomized design with four replications.

Results: The interaction of variety and Rhizobium strain had a significant effect on the percentage of normal seedlings germination, seedlings shoot length, seedlings root length and seedling vigour index I. The main factors variety and Rhizobium strain significantly influenced seedlings' dry weight and seedlings' vigour index II, and speed of germination was significantly influenced by variety. 

Conclusion: The current study concluded that the chickpea variety inoculated with Cp17 Rhizobium strain produced the highest quality seeds; thus, it is suggested to consider the variety and Rhizobium strain to produce high yield and quality seeds in the study area.

Methods: Spirulina powder was added to milk at different levels 0.3 and 0.5% respectively. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a least significant difference (LSD) test was applied for multiple sample comparisons to test for any significant differences (p≤0.05) in the mean values of all the groups.

Results: The average chemical composition of spirulina powder showed protein 68%, fat 6%, ash 9%, moisture 3%, carbohydrate (by difference) 14%, Iron 980 ppm and calcium 685 ppm. Gamma Linolenic acid (GLA) was found as a major fatty acid i.e.30mg/gm in spirulina powder.

Conclusion: An increase in protein content, essential fatty acid, iron and calcium and gamma linolenic acid at both the levels of spirulina powder addition in milk was observed when compared with control during the storage at refrigeration temperature over a period of 6 days. Separation of milk protein containing spirulina powder was carried out using SDS-PAGE. It showed that milk protein bands interact with spirulina proteins near 19 kDa.

Methods: The newly evolved non branching monostem sesame VRI was evaluated with eight set of treatments viz., T₁ - 30 x 30 cm, T₂ - 30 x 15 cm, T₃ - 30 x 10 cm, T₄ - 20 x 20 cm, T₅ - 20 x 15 cm, T₆ - 20 x 10 cm, T₇ - 30 x 20 x 10 cm in paired row, T₈- 30 x 15 x 10 cm in paired row during two seasons viz., Summer 2021 and Summer 2022. The experiment was laid out in three replications following randomized block design.

Results: Higher plant height at harvest (88.1 cm), number of nodes per plant (14.1) and internode length (5.38 cm) were noted at a wider spacing of 30 x 30 cm. However, a higher seed yield of 770 kg/ha was recorded at a square geometry of 20 x 20 cm.

Conclusion: Based on the two consecutive years of field experiment it is ascertained that the crop geometry at a spacing of 20 x 20 cm is ascertained to be optimum in recording higher productivity of monostem sesame VRI 5.

Methods: The present investigation on “Effect of foliar application of micronutrients on seed quality and yield of soybean” was conducted during kharif 2022 at Post Graduate Institute, MPKV, Rahuri. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with eight treatments in three replications. The treatments comprise of different micronutrients such as Borax @200 ppm, FeSO4 @200 ppm, ZnSO4 @200 ppm, CuSO4 @100, ppm MnSO4 @100 ppm, (NH4)2MoO4 @100 ppm, Phule Grade 2 Micronutrient 100 ml/10 lit water including control. The micronutrients were applied as foliar spray at 25 and 40 days after sowing.

Results: The Phule Grade 2 Micronutrient was found to be better treatment for growth, seed quality and yield characters of soybean variety Phule Sangam viz., days to 50% flowering (42 days), plant height (74.80 cm), days to maturity (100 days), number of branches (7.26), moisture content (9.30 %), germination (92.66 %), speed of germination (22.40), root length (14.20 cm), shoot length (20.00 cm), shoot root ratio (1.43), seedling dry weight (1.89 g), seed vigour index I (3160), seed vigour index 2 (174),  dead seed (1.66), electrical conductivity (0.42 dS/m), number of pods per plant (85.06), number of seeds per pod (3.00), 1000 seed weight (168 g), seed yield per plant (41.50 g).

Conclusion: Application of Phule grade 2 micronutrient treatment as two foliar sprayings at 25 and 40 DAS was found more beneficial in increasing growth, yield and seed quality characters of soybean variety Phule Sangam as compared to the untreated control treatment.

Methods: The experiment employed an alpha lattice design with two replications. Heat stress was induced by delayed sowing. Ten randomly selected plants from each genotype were assessed for six traits: plant height, spike length, spikelets per spike, spike weight, thousand grain weight, and tillers per meter square. Correlation analysis and path coefficient analysis were used to determine trait associations with grain yield.

Results: Spikelets per spike was highly positively and correlated with spike weight.  Spike weight was highly positively and significantly correlated with thousand grain weight. Besides, grain yield (YLD) showed a significant positive association with tillers per meter square. The other characters such as, spike length, plant height, spike weight, spikelets per spike and thousand grain weight are positively associated with the yield trait.

Conclusion: Breeding efforts should be encouraged for the improvement of positively associated traits with the yield trait in order to boost wheat yields under situations of heat stress.

Methods: Urine samples positive for K. pneumoniae collected during 2023 and 2024 were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing.

Results: Results demonstrate significant improvements in sensitivity patterns, notably in carbapenems and chloramphenicol. These findings underscore the effectiveness of ASPs in guiding antibiotic prescribing practices, attributed to enhanced acceptance among healthcare professionals.

Conclusion: Sustained initiatives to encourage responsible antibiotic utilization and garner support from healthcare professionals remain crucial in effectively tackling antibiotic resistance. Additionally, further research is needed to assess the long-term viability and scalability of such interventions.

Methods: A randomized complete block design was used for the experiment at IAAS Paklihawa Nepal consisting of nine rice genotypes taken from Hardinath, NRRP.

Results: The percent reduction in effective panicles per m², plant height, and grain yield under moisture-restricted conditions compared to irrigated conditions was 22%, 8%, and 24%, respectively. Stress tolerance indices showed that IR17L1387, IR16L1713, and IR16L1801 had the highest STI, indicating their potential for cultivation under moisture-restricted conditions. GGE biplot analyses (Which-Won-Where and Mean vs. Stability) demonstrated that Sukhadhan 3 was the most stable genotype across both environments. Additionally, IR16L1713 and IR17L1387 were identified as the winning genotypes under moisture-restricted and irrigated environments, respectively.

Conclusion: The current study concluded that the most valuable option for increasing yield would be to choose one trait effective panicle per meter square and Sukhadhan 3 was the most stable genotype under both environments.

Methods: Consequently, twelve varieties of pole-type French bean, viz., Trishuli, Chaumase, Semi Light Long, Green Long Bean, LB-31, LB-37, Madhav, Chinese Long, Rato Makai Simi, Khairo Makai Simi, Kalo Makai Simi, and Kalo Simi, were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS), Sundarbazar, Lamjung, Nepal.

Results: The varieties under study showed significant differences in morphological, phenological, and yield parameters. Semi Light Long had the highest pod number per plant (44.76), yield per plant (289.13 g), and yield per plot (5726.83 g), at par with Chaumase for pod number per plant (42.03) and yield per plant (244.48 g). The highest pod weight was observed in LB-31 (6.75 g) at par with Semi Light Long (6.38 g), Green Long Bean (6.33 g), Chinese Long (5.96 g), Madhav (5.94 g), and Chaumase (5.76 g). Green long bean had the highest plant height (187.64 cm), at par with Semi Light Long (178.23 cm) and LB-31 (174.31 cm), and the highest pod length (13.98 cm) at par with LB-31 (13.82 cm).

Conclusion: Based on the results obtained, Semi Light Long would be the best variety to recommend for commercial cultivation in Sundarbazar, Lamjung, and other similar mid-hill environments.

Methods: Leaves, stem and root samples were used for the methanol extraction and the crude extract was subjected into the GCMS analysis.

Results: The results revealed the presence of Mome inositol; Guanosine; 3-o-methyl-D-fructose; Ether butyl isopentyl; Methyl.beta.-d-ribofuranoside; 3,4-Dichloroatropine etc., in the plant parts.

Conclusion: This study identified a range of bioactive compounds in Mimosa pudica using GC-MS analysis. Further studies to be carried out to find out more phytochemicals.

Methods: Seven grapefruit varieties viz., NRCC Grapefruit – 6, Flame, Star Ruby, Red Blush, Marsh Seedless, Foster and Imperial budded on Rangpur lime rootstock were planted at a spacing of 5 x 5 m during 2017. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications. The observations on plant growth, yield, and quality parameters were recorded during 2023.

Results: The analysis of the data suggested that significant differences were found among the grapefruit varieties for the traits studied. The highest plant height was found in Red Blush (1.71 m) followed by Marsh Seedless (1.60 m). However, the highest canopy volume was found Red Blush (4.84 m³) followed by Marsh Seedless (3.51 m³), which were at par. Among seven varieties, the highest fruit weight was found in NRCC Grapefruit 6 (470.67 g) followed by Red Blush (370.00 g) and Flame Grapefruit (319.33 g). The highest TSS was found in Foster (8.60 ^oBrix) and NRCC Grapefruit-6 (8.60 ^oBrix). The highest juice content was in NRCC Grapefruit-6 (37.79 %). There was no significant difference found for number of fruits tree-1 and the highest yield was recorded in Red Blush (5.87 kg/tree) which was at par with Flame (5.51 kg/tree) and NRCC Grapefruit-6 (5.51 kg/tree).

Conclusion: Based on the findings from first year of fruiting, NRCC grapefruit-6, Red Blush and Flame grapefruit are performing better at the initial stage of bearing.

Methods: A case-control study with 50 healthy individuals serving as the control group and 70 diabetic patients. The polymorphism 4G/5G was genotyped using ASP-PCR (allele specific PCR), and the Hardy-Weinberg rule was used to determine the allelic frequency. For the 4G allele as a risk factor of thrombosis in diabetic patients, the allelic frequencies were determined using gene counting using the SNP-STAT program, and their connection with thrombotic complications was assessed using the X2 test and the odd ratio with (confidence intervals 95% and OR ≥1).

Results: The frequency of the 4G allele was significantly associated with the risk of thrombosis in diabetic patients, one-fold higher than that of the 5G allele (P value 0.027, CI=95%, OR =1), and there was no statistically significant difference in the frequency of the 4G allele among Sudanese diabetic patients compared to the control group (P value = 0.998).

Conclusion: Patients with type 2 diabetes who contain one 4G allele are at a high risk of thrombosis. Therefore, diabetic patients should be prescribed anticoagulant medications, namely type 2, for at least the short term to prevent thrombus formation, particularly cardiovascular events.

Case presentation: A 74-year-old woman presented with lower right quadrant abdominal pain, fever, and leukocytosis. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography revealed thickening of the eco-ascending region with fat stranding. Diagnostic laparoscopy revealed seropurulent fluid and an inflamed appendix, which were removed. Further exploration revealed a gangrenous mass in the distal ileum, prompting a conversion to open surgery. Segmental small bowel resection with primary enteroenteral anastomosis was performed.

Conclusion: This case highlights the diagnostic challenges of Meckel’s diverticulitis in adults and underscores the importance of thorough intraoperative inspection of the distal ileum when appendicitis is suspected. However, the findings are atypical. Early recognition and surgical management are essential to prevent severe complications.

Case presentation: We report the case of a 42-year-old woman who developed Tapia syndrome following elective breast explantation and reconstruction under general anesthesia with orotracheal intubation. The surgery proceeded uneventfully with adherence to the standard anesthetic protocols. On postoperative day 19, the patient presented with right-sided tongue deviation, dysphonia, and dysphagia. Laryngoscopic and neurological evaluations revealed right hypoglossal and recurrent laryngeal nerve palsies, consistent with Tapia syndrome, likely secondary to trauma related to intubation. Suspected mechanisms include mechanical compression of the hypoglossal nerve against the hyoid bone and the recurrent laryngeal nerve within the piriform fossa, possibly aggravated by cuff overinflation or intraoperative head repositioning. The patient received conservative management, including speech and swallowing therapy, resulting in complete resolution of symptoms within four months.

Conclusion: Tapia syndrome should be considered in the differential diagnosis of postoperative neurological deficits involving the tongue and voice, even when intubation appears uneventful. Early recognition, multidisciplinary rehabilitation, and preventive strategies, such as careful airway management and monitoring of endotracheal cuff pressure, are essential to minimize the risk of this rare but potentially debilitating complication.

Case presentation: This study presents a surgical technique that emphasizes the complete excision of keloids while preserving the overlying skin as a fillet flap for reconstruction. Following methylene blue marking and local anesthetic infiltration, the keloid core is excised, ensuring the maintenance of cartilaginous integrity to preserve the auricular contour. The preserved skin flap is then repositioned for layered wound closure, achieving a tension-free repair. A bolster dressing is applied to prevent hematoma formation and eliminate dead space. Adjuvant therapies, including intralesional corticosteroids, 5-fluorouracil, and laser therapy, were considered as complementary modalities to further reduce the risk of recurrence.

Conclusion: The fillet flap technique offers a reliable reconstructive option following auricular keloid excision, ensuring adequate vascularity and contour preservation. This approach provides improved cosmetic outcomes and a lower recurrence rate compared to excision alone. Careful postoperative management and individualized adjuvant therapy remain essential for optimizing long-term results.

Methods: This case-control study, conducted at a tertiary rural healthcare centre, used a cross-sectional design. 53 individuals with a verified diagnosis of type-2 diabetes were included in the case group based on non-randomized sampling. These were contrasted with patients in the control group who did not have diabetes who were age and sex matched. The participants' tactile discrimination ability was measured using a millimetre-marked compass aesthesiometer. The tips of the index fingers on both the right and left hands, the palmar surfaces of the palms on the hands, the ventral surface of the forearms on the right and left, the plantar surfaces of the big toes on both the right and left foot, and the plantar surfaces of the soles on both the right and left foot were used as the testing sites. Data showing the two-point discrimination thresholds of the case and control groups were compared and tabulated.

Results: The unpaired t-test was done using all the values of two-point discriminatory thresholds in the diabetic and non-diabetic groups at 10 different sites at the upper and lower limbs as mentioned previously. The t values for all the test sites were significant with p values < 0.05. This indicates that the tactile discriminatory thresholds at all the testing sites, differ significantly in diabetic and non-diabetic groups. The current study also aimed to demonstrate a statistically significant association between the duration of diabetes and the reduced sensory abilities of diabetic patients. The Pearson's correlation Test was used to achieve this, but the results were unsatisfactory and somewhat at odds with the findings of several earlier investigations, which had discovered a strong positive link with the duration of diabetes with that of increased values of tactile discriminatory thresholds of the diabetic group. Since the correlation coefficients were not significant, it was not possible to determine a meaningful relationship between the duration of diabetes and the diabetic case group's reduced sensory abilities.

Conclusion: Our study highlights how the two-point discrimination test can aid in the early detection of tactile sensation loss in diabetic patients. The two-point discriminatory thresholds between the diabetic and non-diabetic groups differ significantly, according to the results of the study. Additionally, the data indicates higher threshold values, which point to a marked decline in tactile function in the diabetic group.

Methods: A pre-validated questionnaire, formulated by members of the Medical Education Unit (MEU) at our college, was utilized for data collection. The questionnaire was distributed to faculty members through online platforms such as WhatsApp groups and email, using a Google Form. The data analysis considered responses from a cohort of faculty members actively engaged in the elective module implementation.

Results: The faculty consensus indicated that the elective module’s objectives were effectively achieved. The faculty were praised for their supportive and accommodating demeanor, with active involvement in facilitating the electives. The majority of faculty members acknowledged the elective module as a valuable academic activity, citing an appropriate time duration that allowed for the demonstration of creativity and encouraged teamwork. Faculty members expressed apprehension regarding the process of students obtaining signatures in the logbooks.

Conclusion: The study's findings indicate a positive reception of the elective module among faculty. This positive perception underscores the value of electives as learning experiences, offering learners the opportunity to immerse themselves in a chosen career stream, discipline, or research project.

Case presentation: A 60-year-old patient presented with high-grade fever, severe headache, body aches, and dehydration. Despite prior treatment at a village clinic, the symptoms persisted and worsened. Upon admission, the patient exhibited high fever, rapid pulse, and mild dehydration. Further examination revealed no respiratory or cardiac issues, but severe headache persisted despite fever reduction. Symptomatic management commenced while awaiting test results. Lab reports indicated a positive result for P. falciparum antigen via immunochromatography.

Conclusion: This case underscores the necessity of testing for both malaria and Dengue in cases of acute high-grade fever to avoid missed diagnoses and untreated severe complications. Coinfection of P. falciparum and Dengue can intensify the severity and duration of both diseases, challenging accurate diagnosis and management. Vigilance in testing and reporting such cases is crucial for effective public health responses. The first documented case of malaria and Dengue coinfection dates back to 2005, highlighting the emerging nature of this phenomenon.

Case presentation: This case report documents a 61-year-old male undergoing hemodialysis for end-stage renal disease who presented with fever, edema, and laboratory abnormalities indicative of renal dysfunction and inflammation. Blood cultures revealed Aeromonas hydrophila growth, emphasizing the importance of considering this pathogen in dialysis patients with bloodstream infections. The patient's immunocompromised state due to renal disease and diabetes, coupled with frequent medical interventions like dialysis, created a conducive environment for opportunistic infections. Laboratory findings of proteinuria, glucosuria, and electrolyte imbalances further underscored the patient's susceptibility to infection. This case highlights the intricate interplay between underlying comorbidities and immune compromise in predisposing individuals to Aeromonas hydrophila bloodstream infection. Prompt recognition and appropriate antibiotic therapy are crucial for managing such cases.

Conclusion: Healthcare practitioners should maintain vigilance for unusual pathogens in immunocompromised patients, particularly those undergoing dialysis, to ensure timely diagnosis and treatment, thus optimizing patient outcomes.