Acetaminophen (paracetamol/APAP) overdose is a major cause of drug-induced liver damage, linked to mitochondrial dysfunction, hepatocyte apoptosis, and oxidative stress. Liv52, an indigenous herbal formulation comprising components from 18 plants, has been suggested to offer liver protection, although its protective mechanisms are unclear. This study demonstrates Liv52's efficacy in reducing APAP-induced hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in Wistar albino mice. Mice pre-treated with Liv52 exhibited significant decreased mortality, reduced liver injury and oxidative stress markers, as well as less adverse alterations in both their histological and ultra-structural characteristics after being exposed to APAP. Immunohistochemistry and western blot analyses indicated that Liv52 mediates protection against APAP hepatotoxicity through mechanisms involving MAPK, Nrf2/Keap-1, and caspases, thereby mitigating oxidative stress, hepatocyte apoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction. These findings elucidate the mechanisms by which Liv52 combats APAP-induced liver damage.

]]> acetaminophen, Liv52, hepatotoxicity, oxidative stress, hepatocyte apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction Research Article Wed, 18 Mar 2026 00:00:00 IST The Siddha system of medicine is an ancient South Indian traditional medicine system that bridges therapeutic knowledge with spiritual and philosophical principles of life. In this South Indian region, the eighteen classical Siddhar luminaries have made a major contribution to the Siddha medicinal system and primarily based on phytotherapy. One such figure, Brahmamuni is a seminal authority and teachings emphasize a holistic approach to human health and preventive interventions. This study systematically examines Brahmamuni’s medicinal insights through a qualitative literary analysis of classical Siddha texts, including palm-leaf manuscripts and scholarly interpretations. The findings reveal a sophisticated healthcare models centred on Mukkuttram, it refers to the physiological equilibrium among Vatham, Pitham, and Kabam detoxification and the meticulous preparation of herbal-mineral and metallic formulations. Brahmamuni emphasizes lifestyle modification, dietary discipline and spiritual practice are play crucial role in the healthy life also as a pillar of health. This research underscores the enduring relevance of Brahmamuni’s principles in modern evidence-informed integrative medicine and chronic disease management, suggesting that further empirical validation could facilitate their integration into modern structured clinical approaches.

]]> brahmamuni, mukkuttram, siddhar, herbal-mineral, chronic disease, Karanthai Chooranam Review Article Tue, 03 Mar 2026 00:00:00 IST In recent times, there has been growing interest in the search for natural products as possible remedies for mitigating reproductive toxicity caused by intake of medications. This study aims to investigate the effect of ethanol extract of Cucurbita pepo (C. pepo) seed on pregabalin-induced reproductive toxicity in male Wistar rats. Group A (normal control) = 0.5ml and 5% Tween 80; B (negative control) = 75mg/kg pregabalin, group C= 500mg/kg of C. pepo extract; D = 1000mg/kg of C. pepo extract, group E = 75 mg/kg of pregabalin and 500mg/kg of C. pepo extract and group F = 75mg/kg of pregabalin and 1000mg/kg of C. pepo extract. There was a Significant (p<0.05) increase in testosterone, viable sperm cell, and decrease in abnormal sperm cell observed in test group C relative to controls. No significant variation in FSH and LH relative to both controls. A Significant (p<0.01) increase in dead sperm cells and significant (p<0.01) decrease in normal and viable sperm cells, in group F compared to controls. Cucurbita pepo, at lower doses may possess beneficial effects on male reproductive parameters. Higher doses in combination with pregabalin demonstrate potential reproductive toxicity.

]]> Cucurbita pepo seed, testosterone, luteinizing hormone, pregabalin, reproductive toxicity Research Article Mon, 19 Jan 2026 00:00:00 IST Telfairia occidentalis Hook (Cucurbitaceae) is a vegetable whose seeds are utilised as soup thickener and for medicinal purposes locally in Nigeria was subjected to organ protective study against doxorubicin-induced kidney injury in rodents.  Extract and fractions (138 -553 mg/kg) of the seeds were investigated for renoprotective property against kidney injury caused by doxorubicin in rats.  Assessment for renoprotective activity was based on effects on indices of renal function, renal oxidative stress markers and kidney histology of the treated rats. Treatment of rats with doxorubicin was observed to elevate levels of creatinine, urea, and electrolytes which were subsequently lowered significantly (p<0.05 - 0.001) following T. occidentalis seed extract/fractions (276 - 553 mg/kg) administration. The seed extract and fractions coadministration with doxorubicin further improved GSH, GST, SOD, GPx and CAT levels that were lowered by doxorubicin significantly (p<0.01) relative to organotoxic control. Pathological observations in extract/fractions-treated rats’ kidney sections were prominently reduced relative to the doxorubicin only-treated rats. Chemical pathological effects corresponded with those of the histological observations indicating marked nephroprotective property which may partly be acting through the activities of phytoconstituents of the plant. The plant, Telfairia occidentalis seed extract and fractions exhibited antidotal potential which may be beneficial in counteracting doxorubicin related toxicities.

]]> organprotective, Telfairia occidentalis, drug toxicity, vegetable Research Article Mon, 12 Jan 2026 00:00:00 IST Morinda citrifolia (commonly known as noni) is widely recognised for its diverse pharmacological properties. Several researchers have focused on the use of its root, leaf and fruit. This study aims to evaluate the phytochemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the ethyl acetate extract of M. citrifolia seeds. The ground seeds were extracted using ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate extract underwent phytochemical screening and it was tested for antimicrobial activity against selected bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis) and fungal strains (Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Candida albicans). Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids and steroids, while alkaloids were absent. The antimicrobial assay showed limited activity, with mild inhibition against Salmonella spp. at higher concentrations (9 mm inhibition zone at 20 mg/mL). Compared to standard antibiotics, the extract exhibited weak antimicrobial effects. Although M. citrifolia seed extract contains bioactive constituents which could be explored for pharmacological purpose, its antimicrobial activity is relatively weak. Further studies are warranted to isolate, characterize and enhance the therapeutic potential of its active compounds.

]]> Morinda citrifolia, noni seed, phytochemicals, antimicrobial activity, medicinal plants Research Article Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 IST Molecular docking is a structure-based computational approach that predicts the binding location and affinity of ligands for their targets, aiding in drug discovery and development. determined by platform compatibility, processing resources, and research requirements. While it speeds up and lowers the cost of drug development, issues including protein flexibility, scoring function constraints, and prediction accuracy persist. Hybrid modeling, molecular dynamics simulations, and consensus scoring are all examples of advances that improve dependability. As computational tools and structural biology advances, molecular docking is projected to become more accurate, allowing for quicker and more efficient drug creation. Cloud computing, GPU acceleration, and high-throughput virtual screening now allow the analysis of vast chemical libraries in reduced time frames. Docking has been successfully applied in the repurposing of approved drugs, the design of covalent inhibitors, and the exploration of allosteric modulators. However, persistent challenges such as limitations in scoring functions, treatment of solvent effects, and conformational variability necessitate further methodological refinement. This review summarizes the principles, applications, and recent technological advancements in molecular docking, highlighting its evolving role in bridging computational predictions with experimental validation and accelerating the drug development pipeline.

]]> AI and machine learning, drug development, drug discovery, lead optimization, molecular docking Review Article Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 IST This study investigates the phytochemical composition of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Asphodelus tenuifolius, along with the antioxidant potential and characterization of its polysaccharide, including its antioxidant and insecticidal effects. Phytochemical analysis showed that the ethanolic extract had higher contents in polyphenol (251.53 ± 8.88 μg EAG/mg), flavonoid (166.66 ± 5.24 μg EQ/mg), and tannin (30.41 ± 7.5 μg EAT/mg) compared to the aqueous extract. Both extracts exhibited strong antioxidant activity against DPPH radical and reducing power. The polysaccharide yield reached 8.02%, contains sugars and minimal protein as confirmed by the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis. It also exhibits considerable DPPH scavenging potential and reducing power. The polysaccharides’ fraction also showed significant insecticidal activity against Tribolium confusum, achieving the highest mortality rate at 8 µg/ml. These findings suggest that polyphenols and flavonoids contained in the extract of A. tenuifolius may be responsible for antioxidant activity. Furthermore, the strong antioxidant and insecticidal properties of the polysaccharide of Asphodelus tenuifolius highlight its potential for further in vivo studies on oxidative stress, supporting its promising biological applications.

]]> Asphodelus tenuifolius, antioxidant activity, insecticidal activity, polysaccharide, phytochemistry, Tribolium confusum Research Article Mon, 30 Jun 2025 00:00:00 IST The extent of drug action is in direct relationship with the amount of the drug in aqueous medium in contact with the substrate molecules. The factors affecting this concentration in a biological system can be classified into the pharmacokinetics (PK) phase and the pharmacodynamics phase of drug action. Thus, this research focused on the in silico PKs analyses of phenolics (furocoumarinic acid, liquiritin, isorhamnetin and syringin) identified from ethylacetate fraction of methanol leaf extract of A. conyzoides. Determination of the pharmacokinetics and physicochemical properties of the above phenolics were achieved using SwissADME, ADMETlab 2.0 and SuperCYPsPred webservers synergistically. The phenolics with best in-silico pharmacokinetics parameters was further studied experimentally using in-vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition assays. The findings indicated that four phenolics are soluble in water, and all the ligands have consensus logP values less than 5 according to Lipinski’s Rule of 5, with isorhamnetin being the best (LogP 1.6). Also, most of the phenolics are non-inhibitors of the main CYP450 isozymes, but 1A2 and 3A4 were inhibited by isorhamnetin. Similarly, they are mostly non-substrates of the isozymes, but 2C9, 2C19, and 2D6 were metabolized by isorhamnetin. Inhibition assays using isorhamnetin-containing sample indicated that the inhibitory effects were more on α-glucosidase (IC₅₀ of 18.11 and 15.97µg/ml for acarbose and isorhamnetin, respectively) than on α-amylase. This study has demonstrated that these phenolics from ethylacetate fraction of methanol leaf extract of A. conyzoides have relatively good pharmacokinetics within the acceptable limit of drug-like molecules.

]]> pharmacokinetics, in-silico, Ageratum conyzoides, phenolics, ethylacetate Research Article Mon, 30 Jun 2025 00:00:00 IST This study aimed to assess the phytochemical profile and quantify the total phenolic and flavonoid content of Brussels sprouts under two environmental conditions. The phytochemical screening of methanol, aqueous and hydro alcohol extracts of different Brussels sprouts genotypes under open and protected environments was conducted as per standard methods. The total phenolic content was measured by the Folin–Ciocalteu assay and total flavonoid content was measured using the Aluminum chloride method. Phytochemical screening was performed to confirm the occurrence of essential bioactive compounds and results revealed significant variations in phytochemical compositions, phenolic and flavonoid content between the two environments, indicating the influence of environmental factors on secondary metabolites accumulation. Genotype Hild’s Ideal under open environment had the highest phenolic content (26.32 mg GAE/g) with methanol extract, while genotype Urja had the lowest value (6.87 mg GAE/g) with aqueous extracts. The highest total flavonoid content was recorded in genotype Hild’s Ideal (13.92 mg  QE/g) using methanol extracts under a protected environment; whereas, the lowest flavonoid content 4.29 mg QE/g, was observed in genotype Urja with aqueous extracts under an open environment. Methanol was identified as the most effective solvent for the extraction of the phenolic and flavonoid compounds. The presence of bioactive compounds suggests potential health benefits, supporting the use of Brussels sprouts as an important medicinal and functional vegetable.

]]> Brussels sprouts, phytochemical screening, environment, phenolic, flavonoid content Research Article Mon, 30 Jun 2025 00:00:00 IST The therapeutic potential of medicinal plants has attracted special interest in recent years as a result of their abundant reservoirs of bioactive compounds. The purpose of this review is to discuss the value of medicinal plants in cosmeceutical applications based on their bioactive constituents and their relevance to skin health. Plant bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and tannins display a wide variety of biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects. By enhancing moisture, elasticity, and barrier function of the skin, these features help overcome the typical pathology of the skin, such as oxidative stress, inflammation, hyperpigmentation, and infections caused by microorganisms. Aloe vera, Curcuma longa (turmeric), Camellia sinensis (green tea), and Centella asiatica (gotu kola) are some of the most studied plants in terms of their cosmeceutical potential. Throughout this review, we examine the mechanisms by which their bioactive compounds inhibit collagen synthesis, melanin production, and free radical production. Furthermore, the latest developments in formulation technology, namely the use of nanoencapsulation and liposomal delivery systems with enhanced stability and bioavailability of plant-derived ingredients, will be discussed. While these findings are promising, some concerns include variability in plant composition, standardization of extracts, and the potential risk of adverse effects. These concerns warrant further investigation both in terms of safety and efficacy. Currently, the regulatory environment for cosmeceuticals derived from plants is far from standardized; therefore, further harmonization of regulations or guidelines is required. Through promoting natural and environmentally friendly alternatives, this review examines the vast potential of medicinal plants as sustainable and effective sources of development in cosmeceuticals. To meet growing consumer demand, future studies should focus on clinical validation, new formulation strategies, and scaling up production.

]]> medicinal plants, bioactive compounds, cosmeceuticals, skin health, commercial products Review Article Mon, 30 Jun 2025 00:00:00 IST Polyphenols are bioactive compounds with notable pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and neuroprotective activities. This study investigated the anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties of polyphenols extracted from Guiera senegalensis. Phytochemical analyses confirmed high levels of phenolics and flavonoids, with catechins, quercetin, and kaempferol identified using FTIR, GC-MS, and NMR. Toxicity studies validated the safety of these polyphenols at therapeutic doses. Cytotoxicity assays revealed enhanced anti-cancer effects compared to doxorubicin, with reduced cell viability, colony formation, and migration in MCF-7 and OV7 cancer cell lines. Mechanistic insights showed ROS-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, caspase-3 activation, and G2/M cell cycle arrest, indicating apoptosis induction. The polyphenols also demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory effects, downregulating TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS, and NF-κB expression. The neuroprotective activity was evidenced by increased levels of TH, TPH, DAT, SERT, and BDNF, alongside reduced Iba1 expression, suggesting mitigation of neuroinflammation and enhanced neurotransmitter function. These findings highlight the multi-targeted efficacy of G. senegalensis polyphenols in modulating apoptosis, inflammation, and neuroprotection, surpassing doxorubicin. Their dual anti-cancer and neuroprotective effects underscore their potential as safe therapeutic agents. Further research is warranted to explore their translational applications in integrative medicine for cancer and neuroinflammatory disorders.

]]> Guiera senegalensis, polyphenols, cancer therapy, anti-inflammatory activity, neuroprotection, apoptosis Research Article Mon, 30 Jun 2025 00:00:00 IST In Nigeria, numerous organic wastes from the processing of Prosopis africana are indiscriminately discarded and this has led to environmental pollution. This study compared the phytochemical, mineral and proximate constituents of epicarp, mesocarp and seeds of P. africana. Plant samples were collected from P. africana sellers in Ogodo, Ankpa Kogi State. The collected samples were dried at room temperature for 21 days and were grounded to a powdered form. Phytochemical, proximate and mineral analyses were carried out using standard methods of AOAC (2020). Data was analysed by One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at 95% confidence limits upper confidence limit and lower confidence limit using the SPSS, IBM Statistics version 21.0 software. Differences between groups were considered to be statistically significant at p≤0.05. Results revealed the epicarp, mesocarp and seeds of P. africana as a rich source of protein, carbohydrate and fibre and also contained considerable amounts of phytochemicals such as alkaloid, flavonoid, saponins, tannin and phenols. It also contained good composition of macro and micro elements like calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium, zinc and iron. The seeds and epicarp contained a high nutritional and phytochemical composition compared to the mesocarp. The epicarp and mesocarp could be explored pharmacologically for their therapeutic values instead of being disposed.

]]> phytochemical, mineral, proximate, Prosopis africana Research Article Mon, 30 Jun 2025 00:00:00 IST Wild edible plants play an essential role in enhancing diets, particularly in developing nations. Macaranga peltata, a member of the Euphorbiaceae family and one of the 300 species within the genus Macaranga, has significant culinary and medicinal value. Traditionally, it has been utilized to address various health conditions such as fever, headaches, stomach disorders, and skin issues. Research highlights its potent antioxidant and anti-cancer properties. The leaves of Macaranga peltata are versatile, often cooked or steamed for consumption as a vegetable, while also finding applications in various culinary preparations. Meanwhile, the fruits are underutilized in Kerala. Even though, M. peltata has several culinary uses, scientific validation regarding the proximal composition is not available. In this context, the present study aims to analyse and compare the nutritive and anti-nutritive potential of Macaranga peltata (Roxb.) fruits and leaves. Proximate composition of M. peltata leaves and fruits were analysed in terms of Moisture, ash content, fibre content, amino acid, protein, carbohydrate, vitamins, phenol, tannin and phytic acid using standard protocols. The results showed that the leaves and fruits contain an appreciable amount of the basic food nutrients such as protein, amino acid, carbohydrates, vitamins and fiber. Anti-nutritional factors like tannin and phytic acid were below the tolerable value. From the results, it was concluded that M. peltata leaves and fruits can supply a substantial amount of the required daily intake. Integrating modern processing techniques such as drying, fermentation, and extraction methods with traditional knowledge has the potential to establish a strong foundation for the commercial utilization of this plant. This approach could facilitate the development of innovative food products and broaden their applications in the pharmaceutical sector.

]]> amino acid, ash, carbohydrate, fibre, Macaranga, nutrition, phenol, phytic acid, protein, tannin, vitamins Research Article Mon, 30 Jun 2025 00:00:00 IST This study aims to investigate the ulcer healing effects of freeze-dried leaf extracts of Rhus natalensis on Ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model in Sprague Dawley rats. Male Sprague Dawley rats (40), 250-300g were randomly assigned into 5 groups each with 8 animals as follows: negative control (1 ml / 200 g ethanol), positive control (20 mg / kg Esomeprazole + 1 ml /200 g ethanol), normal control (normal saline), low dose (150 mg / kg + 1 ml / 200 g ethanol), and high dose (300 mg / kg + 1 ml/ 200 g ethanol). To induce ulcers, absolute ethanol was administered on the first day at a dose of 1 ml / 200 g body weight by oral gavage to all groups except the normal control. Treatments were administered 1 hour after ethanol administration and once daily up to the 6^th day. The ulcer healing effects were assessed by determining the total ulcer area, pH, and total acidity of stomach contents, volume of stomach secretions, levels of GSH, and levels of malondialdehyde in gastric tissue, catalase activity, and superoxide dismutase activity in gastric tissue. The data was reported as the mean ± SEM. There was a significant reduction in the total ulcer area in the treatment groups. The results showed a significant increase in the pH of gastric secretions in the treatment groups and also a dose dependent reduction in the total acidity of gastric secretions of the same groups. In this study, there was a decrease in the volume of gastric secretions in the treatment groups as compared to the negative control which showed an increase in the volume of secretions. The study showed an increase in cellular antioxidant activity in the treatment groups by increased catalase activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and levels of reduced glutathione (GSH). The study shows that Rhus natalensis possesses ulcer healing effects. The effects are potentially due to reduced acidity of gastric contents, increased pH of gastric contents, reduced volume of secretions, and increased activity of cellular antioxidant systems; catalase, superoxide dismutase, and reduced glutathione.

]]> Rhus natalensis, ethanol-induced gastric ulcer, peptic ulcer disease Research Article Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 IST Averrhoa carambola is employed traditionally in Nigeria to treat diabetes, vomiting, cough, chickenpox, ringworm, aphthous stomatitis, high blood pressure, eczema, diarrhea, and kidney dysfunction.. This study investigated the bioactive compounds, antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of the stem bark of Averrhoa carambola using standard methods. The antioxidant properties were assessed using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing power (FRAP) assay and the metal chelating (MC) activity. The phytochemical analysis of the extract indicated the presence of flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, tannins, and cardiac glycosides. The total phenolic and flavonoid content ranged from 4.46 ± 0.19 to 51.25 ± 0.52 mg of GAE/g and from 441.00 ± 5.98 to 2285.00 ± 11.13 mg of QE/g, respectively. Antioxidant study revealed IC₅₀ range for DPPH (26.47 to 29.64 µg/mL), FRAP (26.51 to 51.30 µg/mL) and MC (69.53 to 60.66 µg/mL). The acute toxicity test of Averrhoa carambola stem bark extract showed a mean lethal dose (LD₅₀) of 3872.98 mg/kg. The extract’s effect on α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes in rats, at doses of 155, 310 and 6200 mg/kg showed a significant reduction in blood glucose levels (p < 0.05). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of ethyl acetate fraction indicated several compounds, including 5-(2-Amino-phenyl)-[1,3,4]thiadiazo-2-yl-p-tolyl-amine, 2-hydroxymethoxybenzaldehyde, tert-butyldimethylsilyl ether, phenol, 4-[2,3-dihydro-7-methoxy-3-methyl-5-(1-propenyl)-2-benzofuranyl]-2-methoxy, thiazolo[3,2-a]2enzimidazole-3(2H)-one,2-(2-fflorobenzylideno)-7,8-dimethyl, squalene, phenol 2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)-, acetate, 2-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-propylphenyl) ethanamine, isoquinoline,1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-8-amino-2-methyl-4-phenyl-, phenol, 2,6-dimethoxy-4-(2-propenyl)-. This research suggests that Averrhoa carambola stem bark possesses antioxidative activity and inhibits the enzymes α-amylase and α-glucosidase in rats, probably due to the presence of its bioactive constituents.

]]> Averrhoa carambola, stem bark extract, antioxidant activity, diabetes, bioactive compounds Research Article Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 IST Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) is an enzyme responsible for degrading incretin hormones, which are key regulators of insulin secretion and blood glucose levels. Inhibition of DPP4 prolongs incretin activity, thereby enhancing glycemic control and offering therapeutic benefits in the management of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Although synthetic DPP4 inhibitors are commonly used, plant-based compounds present a promising and potentially safer alternative. This study aimed to evaluate the DPP4 inhibitory potential of plant-derived compounds through in silico approaches, including molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) analysis. Among the screened compounds, Apigenin 7-O-methylglucuronide, a bioactive molecule, exhibited a higher binding affinity to DPP4 (-9.1 kcal/mol) compared to sitagliptin (-8.43 kcal/mol), a standard DPP4 inhibitor. Furthermore, MD simulations over 100 ns demonstrated greater stability of the Apigenin 7-O-methylglucuronide–DPP4 complex relative to the sitagliptin–DPP4 complex. ADMET profiling revealed favorable pharmacokinetic properties, including high oral bioavailability and minimal inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes. These findings underscore the potential of Apigenin 7-O-methylglucuronide as a natural DPP4 inhibitor and support its further investigation as a candidate for alternative T2DM therapies.

]]> Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, apigenin 7-O-methylglucuronide, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, type 2 diabetes Research Article Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 IST The primary objective of this study was to develop and evaluate floating herbal tablets containing extracts of amla (Emblica officinalis) and ginger (Zingiber officinale). These herbal ingredients were selected for their well-documented health benefits, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and digestive properties. The aim was to enhance the gastric residence time of the tablets, thereby improving the bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of the herbal extracts. Floating tablets were prepared using a combination of effervescent agents (sodium bicarbonate) and hydrophilic polymers (HPMC K100 and Sodium Alginate) to achieve the desired buoyancy and controlled release characteristics. Physical parameters like hardness, friability, and weight variation were measured for the prepared tablets. The floating lag time and total floating duration were measured in vitro buoyancy studies in simulated gastric fluid (0.1 N HCl) at 37°C. The release profile of active ingredients from the tablets was also measured in vitro release studies. The optimized formulation showed a floating lag time that was less than 20 seconds and a total floating duration exceeding 12 hours. The developed floating herbal tablets of amla and ginger extracts successfully achieved prolonged gastric retention and controlled release, which can potentially enhance the therapeutic efficacy of these herbal ingredients.

]]> floating herbal tablets, amla extract, ginger extract, buoyancy, controlled release, effervescent agent Research Article Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 IST Shown that new inhibitors will likely need to be discovered in order to slow and eventually eradicate the pandemic.  We attempted to provide a brief overview of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) and its control through the use of safe, natural active substances in order to enhance comprehension of the COVID-19 pathway. There is a dearth of information on the potential use of stable medication docking to viral illness management. There are currently no COVID-19 vaccinations or efficient medications on the market. Notwithstanding the significant rise in deaths at older ages among patients with diabetes and hypertension, scientists worldwide are still searching for a viable solution for COVID-19. Recently molecular docking was used to designing drugs and reduce the time and cost to give a result near from clinical trials on patients. It was widely known in the early stages of the pandemic that individuals with severe COVID-19 infections had marked immunological dysregulation, including lymphopenia and elevated expression of inflammatory mediators. T-cell activation is elevated in patients with severe acute COVID-19 infection, and T-cell fatigue follows. This significant and long-lasting decline in functional T-cells occurred after the acute infection. Numerous research have shown that reduced levels of antioxidants in the serum are linked to worse results, the majority of cases linked antioxidant deficiency to high inflammatory factors, high mortality, acute respiratory distress syndrome, cardiac injury, acute kidney injury, thrombosis, and the need for mechanical ventilation (MV). It appears that patients with COVID-19 may benefit from higher antioxidant levels to stop the disease from progressing.

]]> coronavirus, angiotensin converting enzyme, glycyrrhizin, molecular docking Research Article Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 IST This research was carried out to evaluate the use of the inflorescence of Leptochloa fusca as a potential bio-indicator of air pollution. The presence and concentrations of heavy metals, specifically Barium (Ba), Cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), Manganese (Mn), Mercury (Hg), Nickel (Ni), Uranium (U) and Zinc (Zn) in the inflorescence of Leptochloa fusca collected from two locations (high and low traffic) were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). From the analysis, the concentration of heavy metals in the samples collected from high traffic roadside in their decreasing order are Zn(10.72), >Ni(6.19)> Cu (4.62), Mn (2.72)>Ba (2.02)> Cd(0.14)> Cr (0.12)>Pb (0.08)>Hg (0.03), U (0.02). The concentration of heavy metals in the samples collected from low traffic roadsides in their descending order are Zn (6.32), Mn (1.23)>Ni (1.19)> Cu (1.13),>Ba (0.19)>Cd (0.02)>Pb (0.01))> Hg (0.00)> Cr (0.00)> U (0.00). The concentration of the heavy metals in the inflorescence of L. fusca collected from high traffic locations was significantly higher than the samples collected from low traffic locations. From the study, it was concluded that high traffic roadsides are more prone to air pollution by vehicle exhaust and that the inflorescence of L. fusca is a potential bioindicator of air pollution. It is therefore recommended that proper monitoring and assessment of heavy metal pollutants should be carried out regularly to provide a better idea of the levels of pollution exposure at the roadside which can be absorbed by plants, humans, and other living organisms.

]]> Leptochloa fusca, bio-indicator, heavy metals, automobile exhaust, air pollution Research Article Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 IST Environmental contamination by heavy metals like nickel (Ni) adversely affects plant growth by interfering with essential cellular processes. The present study examines nickel's cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on Pisum sativum L., an important leguminous crop. Germinating seeds of Pisum sativum were treated with varying concentrations of nickel chloride (75 ppm, 100 ppm, and 125 ppm). Root tips were subjected to cytological analysis using standard squash techniques to assess the mitotic index and chromosomal behaviour. Nickel treatment significantly reduced the mitotic index and induced a range of chromosomal abnormalities, including stickiness, bridges, laggards, and disturbed metaphases and anaphases. These effects were more pronounced at higher concentrations. The study demonstrates that nickel toxicity disrupts normal mitotic processes and induces chromosomal aberrations in Pisum sativum, suggesting potential risks to crop development and genetic stability in nickel-contaminated soils.

]]> nickel chloride, chromosomal behavior, stickiness, bridges, laggards Research Article Sun, 30 Jun 2024 00:00:00 IST Diospyros mespiliformis, commonly known as African ebony, is a medicinal plant widely used in traditional African medicine. This study aimed to investigate the phytochemical constituents, isolate bioactive compounds, and evaluate the antioxidant activity of the methanol leaf extract of Diospyros mespiliformis. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. Column chromatography and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) were employed to isolate and characterize a compound, identified as a triterpenoid mixture consisting of α-amyrin and β-amyrin. The antioxidant activity of the crude extract and the isolated compound was evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. The isolated compound exhibited significant antioxidant activity, with an IC₅₀ value of 8.5 µg/mL, compared to the crude extract (IC₅₀ = 10.5 µg/mL) and ascorbic acid (IC₅₀ = 4.25 µg/mL). These findings suggest that Diospyros mespiliformis is a rich source of bioactive compounds with potent antioxidant properties, supporting its traditional use in managing oxidative stress-related diseases.

]]> Diospyros mespiliformis, phytochemicals, α-amyrin, β-amyrin, antioxidant activity, DPPH assay Research Article Sun, 30 Jun 2024 00:00:00 IST Medicinal and aromatic plants are now gaining popularity with growing demand for natural products in the herbal, cosmetic, pharmaceutical and health care industries. The genus Angelica is reputed for its medicinal and aromatic species, which have been used in folklore remedies for treating various ailments. A. glauca is an important member of the Apiaceae family. It is found in the western Himalayas and is popular as a spice or flavoured agent. People of many indigenous communities and local people have been using this plant for edible purposes and the cure of a variety of ailments such as indigestion, constipation, vomiting, cold, fever, headaches, low appetite, postpartum fatigue, etc. Many phytochemicals are present in A. glauca, which shows different pharmacological activities. The roots of this herb are important commercially because of their rich essential oil content and medicinal properties. Indigenous people use these plants traditionally to prepare different decoctions and oils to treat various ailments. Some of their products can nowadays also be found in the markets. Accordingly, the major purpose of this study is to investigate the commercial market products of Angelica species and their therapeutic effects.

]]> Angelica, traditional uses, market products, spice, essential oil Review Article Sun, 30 Jun 2024 00:00:00 IST Oral fungal infections represent a significant global health concern, with Candida albicans being the predominant causative agent. Natural antimicrobial agents, particularly from traditional medicinal plants, offer promising alternatives to conventional antifungal therapies. This study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Salvadora persica (miswak) extracts against selected pathogenic microorganisms. The chemical composition of S. persica stem extracts were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Antimicrobial activity was assessed through agar well diffusion assays against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFC) were determined using broth microdilution methods according to CLSI guidelines. GC-MS analysis revealed 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) as the major component (44.8%), followed by α-caryophyllene (12.37%), β-pinene (6.1%), and caryophyllene oxide (6.34%). The alcoholic extract demonstrated superior antimicrobial activity compared to aqueous extract, with inhibition zones of 19±1.5 mm against E. coli, 15±1.2 mm against S. aureus, and 30±5.1 mm against C. albicans. MIC values ranged from 2.5-10 mg/mL depending on the organism and extract type. The alcoholic extract showed particularly strong antifungal activity against C. albicans (MIC = 2.5 mg/mL). Molecular docking studies showed strong binding affinities (≤-217.5 kJ/mol) between bioactive compounds and β-1,3-glucan. Clinical studies demonstrated significant reduction in microbial colonies, particularly Staphylococcus aureus (from 5±0.1 to 1±0.05), Candida albicans (from 23±2.1 to 12±1.3), and Enterococcus faecalis (from 33±3.2 to 22±1.6) after three weeks of miswak use. Salvadora persica extracts demonstrate significant antimicrobial activity, particularly against C. albicans. These findings support the traditional use of miswak as an effective oral hygiene tool and suggest potential for developing standardized plant-based oral care products.

]]> Salvadora persica, miswak, antimicrobial activity, GC-MS analysis, molecular docking, Candida albicans Research Article Sun, 30 Jun 2024 00:00:00 IST Globally incidences of cancer-associated morbidity and mortality are still increasing. Despite tremendous innovations in the development of many chemically developed anti-cancer drugs the unsatisfactory prognosis of the disease still remains a major challenge. The most widespread negative aspects of conventional cancer treatments are the formation of drug resistance eventually leading to the termination of chemotherapy. Moreover, most patients in developing countries are unable to afford the high cost of sophisticated target-specific therapies like stem cells and immunotherapy. Therefore, to supplement the present cancer therapy treatments, new and less costly therapeutic strategies need to be developed. The use of natural products in cancer management has gained significant attention due to their diverse mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic benefits. Phytochemicals are bioactive compounds produced naturally by plants and have great potential in human health and disease. Natural Products have antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and antiproliferative properties. Phytochemicals are highly beneficial in managing a variety of diseases, including cancer, immunological disorders, and cardiovascular disease. They reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS), stop cancer from spreading, alter the immune system, and cause cancer cells to undergo apoptosis or autophagy. Investigating natural products is an effective way to find compounds that are biologically active and have unique structures and modes of action. Natural products represent a rich source for the discovery and development of cancer preventive and anticancer drugs. This comprehensive review explores the role of natural products in various aspects of cancer management and the development of anticancer drugs.

]]> natural products, phytochemicals, cancer, therapeutic potential, mode of action Review Article Sun, 30 Jun 2024 00:00:00 IST Lakes play an important role in the ecosystem and offer a variety of benefits for humans, such as providing water and food for humans to consume as well as purifying water to benefit ecosystems. There has been an increase in the quantity of contaminants due to the growth in and around the lake, which has resulted in a decrease in the water level of the lake. Runoff from agricultural fields, untreated sewage discharge, and silt from nearby water catchments are all factors that have contributed to the degradation of the lake's water quality. Due to the vulnerability of lakes to water pollution as a result of socioeconomic development, the quality of the water in lakes is under enormous pressure, which highlights the importance of fully comprehending how developments such as these negatively impact the quality of the water in lakes. In spite of this, studies that investigate the relationship between socioeconomic development and the quality of water often overlook those factors that have a theoretical basis and those that influence the selection process of those factors. There are certain lakes that become eutrophic due to the presence of excessive algae and macrophytes as a result of high nutrient levels. The management of a lake can be enhanced through a variety of mitigation measures, such as planting trees in the catchment area, educating the public, managing solid waste, and conducting continuous monitoring in order to reduce the impact on the lake.

]]> lake ecosystem, socio-economic, anthropogenic, water quality, pollution, conservation Review Article Sun, 31 Dec 2023 00:00:00 IST Pesticides are extensively used in controlling agricultural pests. Pesticide exposure of a variety of populations manifests an array of adverse effects and a large number of studies have shown that pesticides are extremely toxic to female reproductive systems. It has been reported that these pollutants induce oxidative stress, apoptosis, endocrine disorders, and epigenetic alterations, which are directly implicated in the declining fertility of females in non-target species. The literature and information present in this review highlighted the toxic effects of pesticides on the female reproductive system along with their possible mechanisms in ovarian tissue.

]]> pesticides, female, oxidative stress, apoptosis, endocrine, epigenetic Review Article Sun, 31 Dec 2023 00:00:00 IST The study is to investigate the effects of feed probiotics, water probiotics and a mixture of both on the body growth rate of Labeo rohita. Four treatment groups were formed for the Rohu population: Group I (control) received only the basal diet for 60 days; Group II received the basal diet plus water probiotics; Group III received 5 g/kg feed probiotics in addition to the basal diet; and Group IV received both water probiotics and 5 g/kg feed probiotics in addition to the basal diet. The parameters measured were feed consumption ratio, specific growth rate, monthly live weight and protein efficiency. Except for feed conversion ratio (FCR), which showed an opposite trend, the treatment groups performed better than the control group in terms of growth metrics after the 60-day feeding period. The control group in weight, FCR, protein consumption, and specific growth rate. These results show that supplementing L. rohita with probiotics can significantly improve its growth performance.

]]> Labeo rohita, probiotics, growth, weight, water Research Article Sun, 31 Dec 2023 00:00:00 IST It’s evident that by means of using AI in healthcare reduces more than half of the treatment costs. Health outcomes of the patients are also improved by 40%. A recent study shows that it is easy to predict the risk of breast cancer by employing AI. Research on AI demands that it is much possible to train an AI algorithm to a greater extent than actually a radiologist does and to add on except for the hardware the algorithm can be replicated at zero cost. In light of recent strides in AI, the integration of healthcare is deemed to provide a viable prospect. So, this review aims to summarize the outcomes of AI, critically analyze the scientific findings, and understand the research gap.

]]> artificial intelligence, health, cancer, treatment, fitness Review Article Sun, 31 Dec 2023 00:00:00 IST This extensive study delves into the many facets of Annona senegalensis, a plant species that has been well-respected in traditional African medicine and is now gaining attention in modern pharmacology. The review takes a methodical look at four main areas: pharmacological characteristics, phytochemical profile, geographical distribution and ecological environment, and ethnomedical uses. The medicinal properties of Annona senegalensis have earned it a place of adoration in many African traditions. According to historical records, it was used to cure a wide variety of illnesses, including fevers, skin problems, gastrointestinal problems, and malaria. The tapestry of indigenous medicine and culture highlights the plant's centrality to traditional healing practices. The assessment emphasises the plant's widespread presence throughout many African biomes, demonstrating its capacity to adapt to different ecological circumstances, in terms of dispersion. This review also examines the environmental conditions important for its growth, providing a better knowledge of its ecological niche and possible vulnerabilities in the face of environmental changes. The phytochemical examination of A. senegalensis reveals a broad array of bioactive chemicals, including but not limited to alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and terpenes. These elements are painstakingly connected with their unique therapeutic potentials, revealing insights into the metabolic underpinnings of the plant's medicinal characteristics. Finally, the review synthesizes a range of pharmacological research that evaluate the effectiveness of A. senegalensis in diverse medicinal applications. Notable results include its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiparasitic, and anticancer effects, which are critically studied in light of modern scientific methodology and therapeutic significance. This review not only articulates the historic and contemporary relevance of the plant but also acts as a springboard for future research initiatives. It underlines the need for greater study into its latent potential, notably in drug discovery and development, while also increasing awareness about the protection of this unique species in its native environment

]]> Annona senegalensis, ethnomedicine, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, toxicity Review Article Sun, 31 Dec 2023 00:00:00 IST