Performance of Agrahayani grainage using P1 bivoltine seed cocoons from Southern India Background: Silkworm seed plays an important role; since sericulture is a cash-generating activity, disease-free eggs are very important for the success of silkworm rearing. Production of disease-free crossbreed silkworm seed during the Agrahayani crop is very important because it is a crucial crop in West Bengal.

Methods: Grainage performance for cross breeds such as pupation rate, cocoons per kg, DFLs obtained, total egg weight, cocoon DFLs ratio, pairing (%) and egg recovery was calculated as per the SOP.

Results: The present study on grainage performance during Agrahayani crop using the P1 bivoltine seed cocoons from South India showed that, egg recovery (g/kg) was high in N x (SK6 x SK7) with 50.37g /kg of seed cocoons followed by N x FC2 of 49.04 g/kg. The cocoon:DFLs ratio was recorded 3.09:1 in N x (SK6 x SK7), 2.63 in N x FC2 and 2.45:1 in N x FC1.

Conclusion: This result has proved that P1 bivoltine seed cocoons from South India may be utilised for the grainage production in Agrahayani crop in upcoming years.

]]> grainage, agrahayani, bivoltine, nistari, performance, sericulture, silkworm Research Article Tue, 31 Mar 2026 00:00:00 IST Agrivoltaics in India: advancing food security, renewable energy, and ecosystem services through integrated land use for sustainable development goals The world is facing a pressing issue: an increasing population and a shrinking area under cultivation. However, it is unrealistic to increase food production and optimize energy production on existing land. The agrivoltaics system proves to be a panacea for integrating energy production with agriculture. Agrivoltaics is the concept of using the same land for both crop production and solar energy generation. It is defined as agricultural production, such as crop or livestock production, that occurs underneath or adjacent to solar panels. Through photovoltaics, it is possible to co-locate solar and agricultural power on the same land, providing benefits to both the solar and farming industries. This integrated approach enables the simultaneous production of food and electricity by effectively capturing solar radiation. The approach will allow us to address food security problems on the one hand and minimize our dependence on non-renewable sources on the other, thus paving the way for a sustainable environment.

]]> agrivoltaics, food security, renewable energy, ecosystem services, SDGs, India Review Article Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 IST Application of nano-urea improves productivity, quality and economics of fodder maize (Zea mays L.) in Manipur, a Northeastern hill region of India Background: Optimising nutrient management strategies is crucial to enhance the growth, yield and nutritional quality of fodder maize, while minimizing environmental impacts and reducing input costs. This study was conducted at the Andro Research Station, CAU Imphal, during the kharif seasons of 2022 and 2023, to evaluate the performance of nano-urea under various nitrogen management regimes.

Methods: The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 10 treatments replicated thrice. Treatments included one recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF), six different nitrogen substitution levels with nano-urea (2-6 mL L-¹), two foliar urea sprays (2%), and one control (without nitrogen).

Results: The study revealed that by applying 75% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through urea, along with a foliar spray of nano-urea @ 6 mL L-¹, achieved comparable productivity to the 100% RDF. This treatment also gave the highest green fodder yield, dry matter yield, and crude protein, along with maximum net return (₹64,208 ha-¹) and B:C ratio (2.57). While the RDF also performed well, nano-urea treatments proved to be more economical and sustainable by reducing chemical nitrogen input by 25% without incurring a yield penalty. Higher levels of organic carbon and available nitrogen in post-harvest soil analysis were found under nano-urea treatments as compared to the control.

Conclusion: It was concluded that the foliar spray of nano-urea @ 6 mL L-¹, along with 75% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN), is a viable option to enhance the productivity, profitability, and nutrient use efficiency in fodder maize under acidic subtropical conditions in Imphal.

]]> fodder maize, nano-urea, crude protein, foliar spray, soil fertility Research Article Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 IST Utilization of pineapple wastes for production of microbial pigments: extraction technologies, industrial applications, techno-economic and lifecycle assessment The escalating demand for natural pigments, driven by their eco-friendly and bioactive properties, has spotlighted microbial production as a sustainable alternative to synthetic dyes. Pineapple wastes (PAWs), comprising 45–55% of the fruit’s weight, are rich in fermentable sugars and bioactive compounds, making them ideal substrates for microbial pigment synthesis. This review comprehensively explores the production of pigments like carotenoids, anthocyanins, and prodigiosins using PAWs, leveraging bacteria, fungi, yeasts, and microalgae. Advanced extraction technologies, including supercritical CO2, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ionic liquids (ILs), and enzyme-assisted extraction, are critically evaluated for their efficiency and sustainability. Industrial applications span food, cosmetics, textiles, and pharmaceuticals, with techno-economic assessments (TEA) and life cycle assessments (LCA) highlighting scalability and environmental benefits. Recent data from 2024–2025 underscore PAW’s up to a projected 60% cost reduction under optimal scale-up conditions and greenhouse gas emissions by 50% compared to synthetic methods. Challenges such as high equipment costs, regulatory hurdles, and process optimization are addressed, emphasizing the role of PAW valorization in advancing a circular bioeconomy.This review highlights the potential of pineapple waste-derived pigments to drive a circular bioeconomy while identifying research gaps for industrial implementation.

]]> pineapple waste, microbial pigments, extraction technologies, industrial applications, techno-economic assessment, lifecycle assessment Review Article Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 IST Machine learning-based predictive modeling of banana crop yield: a comparative analysis Background: Agriculture is a primary livelihood provider in India, sustaining over 58% of rural households, with banana ranking as the country's second most significant fruit crop after mango. Banana cultivation spans 3.8 million hectares across 122 countries, with India contributing approximately 25.7% to global production. Crop yield prediction using machine learning techniques can optimize field operations and support pre-harvest planning decisions for farmers.

Methods: The study evaluated machine learning models for predicting banana crop yields across 31 districts of Tamil Nadu, India. Historical yield data from 2011-2018 were collected from governmental sources, with rainfall data from 2016-2018. After data preparation and pre-processing, three regression techniques, Multiple Linear Regression, Random Forest Regression, and Polynomial Regression, were implemented and compared. Multiple Linear Regression was selected to establish baseline linear relationships between cultivation parameters and yield outcomes, providing interpretable coefficients for agricultural decision-making. Random Forest Regression was chosen for its superior ability to capture complex non-linear interactions between multiple agricultural variables and handle real-world data inconsistencies in datasets. Polynomial Regression was utilized to examine non-linear relationships in the data, specifically curved patterns between cultivation area size and yield performance. The models were trained on key agricultural parameters, including cultivation area, productivity metrics, and rainfall patterns.

Results: Analysis revealed a weak negative correlation between cultivation area and productivity, with smaller areas (under 6000 Ha) achieving some of the highest productivity levels (70-90 tonnes / ha). Rainfall showed minimal impact on productivity, suggesting effective irrigation systems and water management practices in the region. The Random Forest model demonstrated superior performance with a 36% lower Root Mean Square value compared to other models. Polynomial Regression proved less effective due to data nonlinearity, while Multiple Linear Regression provided straightforward predictions but with lower accuracy.

Conclusion: The study confirms that Random Forest Regression is the most effective machine learning technique for banana yield prediction in Tamil Nadu's agricultural context. The findings suggest that successful banana cultivation in the region relies more on intensive farming practices in smaller areas rather than extensive cultivation.

]]> crop yield, machine learning, regression, banana, model Research Article Tue, 30 Sep 2025 00:00:00 IST Analysis of chlorophyll mutations in EMS-induced mutant population of rice (Oryza sativa L.) Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the lethal dose for chemical mutagen ethyl-methane sulfonate (EMS) in the high-yielding rice variety ADT43. Secondly, to analyse the frequency of chlorophyll mutations in the M2 generation.

Methods:  In this study ten batches of rice seeds treated with different dosages of ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) viz., 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, and 1.0% and kill curve analysis was carried out to determine lethal doses. To create M1 population, the EMS doses of 0.4%, 0.5%, and with a higher dose 0.6% were used. Then, 700 (0.4% EMS), 700 (0.5% EMS), and 700 (0.6% EMS) M2 families, were subsequently raised to record the chlorophyll mutations.

Results: The LD50 value resided at 0.4% to 0.5% EMS. The lethality of the rice increased linearly with a gradual increase in the EMS dosage. Frequency of M2 families with chlorophyll mutants recorded in the EMS doses 0.4%, 0.5%, and 0.6% were 4.00%, 4.57%, and 6.14%, respectively.

Conclusion: The presence of chlorophyll mutants in the M2 generation confirmed the occurrence of mutations in the mutant population. Hence, the reliability of the mutant population is verified to utilise this mutant population to screen for the trait of interest further.

]]> chlorophyll mutant, EMS, mutation breeding, rice Research Article Tue, 30 Sep 2025 00:00:00 IST Multifactorial constraints on honey production and innovative management in Indian apiculture Honey bees (Apis sp.), popularly known as "golden insects", are economically important insects that produce honey. In addition to honey, they produce several high-value byproducts such as beeswax, royal jelly, bee venom, propolis, brood (larvae), and queen bees, all of which constitute marketable commodities within the apicultural sector. Honey is extensively used in the cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical industries. Along with this, the pollination carried out by the honey bees remains an essential condition to maintain agricultural productivity and biodiversity. Beekeeping in India is strongly supported by the secondary agricultural sector, which is deeply involved in the farmers' economics. The process of honey production is complex and multifactorial in nature, and several determinants limit it. The determinants encompass a range of factors that include biotic stresses such as bacterial, viral, amoebic, and acarine diseases; abiotic stresses, such as temperature fluctuation and moisture imbalance; and anthropogenic factors like pesticide and fungicide contamination. This review focuses on the constraints associated with beekeeping, honey production, and the quality of honey in colonies maintained at managed apiculture sites. Furthermore, it discussed current strategies aimed at integrating medicinal properties into honey production through advanced management practices.

]]> bee products, beekeeping, apiculture, medicinal floral resources, toxic chemicals, pesticides Review Article Tue, 30 Sep 2025 00:00:00 IST Benefits and challenges in plant-based milk alternatives Plant-based milk alternatives have become increasingly popular as a replacement for traditional dairy milk, largely due to rising consumer interest in healthier, environmentally friendly and allergen-free choices. These alternatives are produced from various plant sources, including grains (such as oat and rice), legumes (like soy and pea), nuts (including almond and cashew) seeds (such as flax and hemp), and pseudocereals (like quinoa and amaranth). Each type of plant-based milk presents unique nutritional benefits and bioactive compounds that may contribute to health advantages, including lower cholesterol levels, anti-inflammatory properties, better heart health and improved gut microbiome diversity. One major benefit of plant-based milk is its compatibility with individuals who are lactose intolerant or allergic to dairy, as well as those adhering to vegan or plant-based diets. Additionally, these alternatives generally have a smaller environmental impact than conventional dairy milk, requiring fewer natural resources like land and water while producing lower greenhouse gas emissions. However, the widespread acceptance of plant-based milks faces challenges. Many products do not match the protein content or essential micronutrients (such as calcium, vitamin D and vitamin B12) found in dairy milk, which often necessitate fortification to improve their nutritional profile. Furthermore, differences in taste, texture and mouth feel compared to traditional milk can influence consumer preferences. This review highlights on these aspects in detail. Future research should aim at refining formulations, enhancing nutrient absorption, and investigating new plant sources to improve both the functional attributes and sensory experiences of plant-based milks.

]]> soy milk, almond milk, peanut milk, coconut milk, sustainability, dairy alternatives, nutritional benefits Review Article Mon, 30 Jun 2025 00:00:00 IST Multivariate trait-based framework for functional ideotyping in rice under irrigated conditions Background: A diverse rice genotypes were evaluated for fifteen morphological/growth, reproductive/yield-related, physiological, and phenological traits to uncover their genetic variability and trait associations that are critical for developing stress-resilient high-yielding genotypes.

Methods: Descriptive statistics, four-way Venn diagram, PCA biplot, correlation network, and Composite Performance Index (CPI) from standardized PC1 (grain yield-driven) with k-means clustering were employed to dissect variability and rank genotypes.

Results: Descriptive statistics revealed extensive phenotypic variation, particularly in grain yield per plant (4.95–45.5 g), plant height (PH) (68.1–168.0 cm), and total tillers /productive tillers, while intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE) showed broad adaptation potential. A four-way Venn diagram of top-performing genotypes across source, sink, growth, and phenology categories highlighted limited functional overlap, emphasizing trait-specific excellence. Principal component analysis (PCA) biplot explained 39.9% of variation (PC1: 23.5%, PC2: 16.4%) and delineated three genotype clusters viz., yield-oriented genotypes processing high total tillers, productive tillers, and spikelet fertility. Physiologically efficient genotypes having enhanced photosynthetic rate (PNET) and iWUE. Genotypes with large flag leaf area (FLA) and PH contributing for tall and biomass accumulation with lower yield efficiency. Correlation network analysis identified three interconnected clusters reproductive/yield-related, morphological/growth, and physiological. Plant height trait interconnects all these clusters in the correlation network. The Composite Performance Index (CPI), derived from standardized PC1 with grain yield as the directional driver, ranked genotypes continuously with k-mean clustering, discriminate the genotypes in to three clusters (Low, medium and high performing). Genotypes viz., IRIS_313-10260, IRIS_313-9160, and IRIS_313-10609 identified as best performing genotypes.

Conclusion: Established a multivariate pipeline that integrates the morphological/growth, reproductive/yield-related, physiological, and phenological traits into an ideotype framework. No genotype excels across all modules, but top CPI performers (IRIS_313-10260, IRIS_313-9160, IRIS_313-10609) integrate complementary strengths, making them ideal core donors.

]]> rice, genetic diversity, PCA biplot, correlation network, composite performance index, traits Research Article Mon, 31 Mar 2025 00:00:00 IST Genome-wide association study for composite performance index in rice (Oryza sativa L.) Background: A critical step to maximize the usefulness of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in plant breeding is the identification and validation of candidate genes underlying genetic associations. Once strong candidates are identified, further validation helps confirm whether the gene truly influences the trait. This process strengthens confidence in marker-trait relationships and enables the development of more precise molecular markers or genomic prediction models for crop improvement.

Methods: Genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted on a panel of 100 genetically diverse rice genotypes to dissect the genetic architecture of the Composite Performance Index (CPI), a multivariate principal component score integrating all major agronomic traits.

Results: Full annotation of all nine significant SNPs revealed perfect convergence on four biologically coherent functional modules. Four reproducible quantitative loci (CPI-1, CPI-4, CPI-8 and CPI-11) were identified, explaining the major gradients in field performance. These loci encompass biologically coherent modules linked to energy metabolism, growth regulation, cell-wall integrity and dehydration response. Favourable alleles were located on chromosomes 8 and 11 contributing +1.12 and +1.38 CPI units, respectively. Unfavourable alleles on chromosomes 1 and 4 were associated with stress response and growth-defense trade-offs. The combined fixation of favourable haplotypes from CPI-8 and CPI-11 while purging unfavourable alleles from CPI-1 and CPI-4 predicted a +2.5 CPI gain representing the top 1% ideotype.

Conclusion: The two tightly linked SNPs on chromosome 8 (separated by only 1,069 bp) tag the identical haplotype and are therefore merged into a single locus (CPI-8). No additional loci reached genome-wide significance, confirming that CPI is controlled by a compact, high-impact genetic architecture amenable to rapid marker-assisted pyramiding. The compact genetic basis uncovered in this study provides a practical foundation for marker-assisted selection and genomic designing of high-performing rice varieties.

]]> rice, GWAS, COMPOSITE Performance Index (CPI), SNPs, genomic designing Research Article Mon, 31 Mar 2025 00:00:00 IST Genetic diversity analysis of morpho-physiological and yield attributing traits in foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.) Background: Selecting the right parents is essential in a breeding programme. It is necessary to assess a large number of germplasm accessions for genetic diversity in order to select a diverse set of accessions as the parents for a hybridization program that aims to produce superior hybrids or better segregants in subsequent generations. Therefore, understanding the degree of diversity and assembling the germplasm is crucial. Thus, the aim of the current study was to quantify diversity and explore the impact of several traits that promote increased diversity within the population.

Methods: The current study was laid out in a Randomised Complete Block Design with two replications to quantify the genetic diversity among the 50 germplasm accessions of foxtail millet at the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Nandyal, during Rabi, 2023-24. Upon Mahalanobis D2 analysis of 16 morpho-physiological and yield-attributes.

Results: Six clusters were formed from 50 accessions studied. Cluster I was the largest comprising 22 accessions, followed by clusters II and III, were 16 and 9 accessions respectively.  The remaining three clusters, IV, V, and VI, were solitary. Clusters V (SiA 3159) and VI (SiA 4389) had the greatest inter-cluster distance of 35.11%. The traits that contributed the most to genetic divergence were photosynthetic rate (39.59%), 1000-grain weight (17.47%), relative water content (16.41%) and fodder yield per plant (10.45%).

Conclusion: This study suggests that selecting for these traits might be beneficial for improving foxtail millet. Based on their overall appearance and per se performance from a diverse cluster, the accessions SiA 3290, SiA 4345, SiA 4391, SiA 4281, SiA 4389, SiA 4396, and SiA 3159 were found desirable. These selected foxtail millet accessions can be employed in the hybridization programmes and interbreed to produce better transgressive segregants, offering a high potential for yield in subsequent generations.

]]> foxtail millet, germplasm, genetic diversity, clusters, grain yield Research Article Mon, 31 Mar 2025 00:00:00 IST Haplotype analysis of OsMATL, a pollen specific phospholipase gene responsible for haploid induction Background: Double haploid breeding is a modern plant breeding approach that enables the rapid development of fully homozygous lines within a single generation. In rice, the creation of efficient haploid inducer lines requires the identification of novel allelic variants of the OsMATL gene across diverse germplasm. To achieve this, OsMATL sequences from rice accessions in the 3K panel were analyzed to detect unique SNPs that could potentially contribute to enhance haploid induction efficiency and support hybrid rice breeding programs.

Methods: Sequence retrieval from SNP seek database (https://snp-seek.irri.org), allelic diversity and haplotype analysis.

Results: OsMATL has 30 variations according to allelic diversity analysis. Three haplotypes (H1, H2 and H3) were identified based on three non-synonymous SNPs for MATL gene.

Conclusion: Established haplotype analysis for the MATL gene for the 783 lines belongs to 3K Rice genome panel.

]]> rice, OsMATL gene, allelic variation, haplotype analysis, haploid induction, hybrid rice breeding Research Article Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 IST Influence of organics and inorganics on yield, quality, nutrient uptake and economics of sunflower + greengram intercropping system Background: To investigate the combined effects of organics and inorganics on the yield, quality, nutrient uptake and economics of sunflower + greengram intercropping system, field investigations were conducted from July - October 2023 and January - April 2024 at the Experimental Farm, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, 608 002.

Methods: The experiments were laid out in split plot design with three replications. The main plot treatments include M1 - Sole sunflower, M2 - sunflower + greengram and subplot treatments include S1 - RDF alone (60:90:60 kg of NPK ha-1), S2: RDF + Poultry manure compost @ 6t ha-1, S3: RDF + Poultry manure compost @ 6t ha-1 + Sulphur @ 45 kg ha-1 through gypsum, S4: RDF + Poultry manure compost @ 6t ha-1 + Sulphur @ 45kg ha-1 + AM Fungi @12 kg ha-1.

Results: The experiment’s findings showed that the yield, quality, nutrient uptake and economics of sole sunflower were significantly influenced by RDF + Poultry manure compost @ 6t ha-1 + sulphur @ 45 kg ha-1 + AM fungi @ 12 kg ha-1 (M1S4). In terms of economics, sunflower + greengram intercropping system along with the application of RDF + Poultry manure compost @ 6t ha-1 + Sulphur @ 45 kg ha-1 + AM Fungi @ 12 kg ha-1 (M2S4) recorded the highest BCR of 2.74.

Conclusion: Based on the results, it could be concluded that sunflower + greengram intercropping with the application of RDF (60:90:60 kg of NPK ha-1) + Poultry manure compost @ 6t ha-1 + Sulphur @ 45 kg ha-1 through Gypsum + AM Fungi @ 12 kg ha-1 (M2S4) was agronomically sound and economically feasible practice to maximize the productivity and profitability of sunflower growing farmers in Tamil Nadu.

]]> organics, inorganics, quality, nutrient uptake, Intercropping of sunflower Research Article Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 IST Challenges of the poultry industry in West Africa This systematic research evaluates the major obstacles faced by the West African poultry sector, including disease outbreaks, poor market access, insufficient infrastructure, restricted financial resources, and a shortage of skilled labor. The industry faces high mortality rates, trade restrictions, and economic losses due to disease outbreaks. Improved surveillance, biosecurity measures, and vaccination programs are crucial. The research highlights the need for improved infrastructure, quality standards enforcement, market information systems, and supportive policies to enhance competitiveness and sustainability. The poultry industry in West Africa faces challenges in market access, hindering its development and competitiveness. The socio-economic role of poultry production is emphasized, including its contribution to food security and income generation. Challenges faced include disease outbreaks, lack of access to credit and technical knowledge, high production costs, poor infrastructure, and competition from imported poultry products. Possible solutions include improved veterinary services, extension programs, cooperative societies, government support in the form of loans, and capacity training for farmers.

]]> poultry industry, West Africa, challenges, solutions, production Review Article Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 IST Effect of pre-flowering chemicals spray on flowering, yield and quality attributes in Mangifera indica L. Background: The low production of the mango variety Banganapalli in India can be attributed to a number of factors. Mango varieties have a number of problems, including poor and inconsistent blooming, as well as poor or nonexistent fruit set. Poor and inconsistent flowering in cv. Banganapalli is a major contributor to low productivity. In order to alleviate these production issues, there is a significant requirement to make use of compounds that support the growth of flowers and improve fruit set. With this background, the present experiment was conducted to examine the suitable combination of chemicals for the flowering, yield and quality of mango.

Methods: The chosen trees were treated with sprays at two distinct phases using the following methods: Urea 1 per cent + NAA 20 ppm (T1), Urea 1 per cent + Salicylic acid 200 ppm (T2), Urea 2 per cent  + NAA 20 ppm (T3), Urea 2 per cent  + Salicylic acid 200 ppm (T4), KNO3 1 per cent  + NAA 20 ppm (T5), KNO3 1 per cent  + Salicylic acid 200 ppm (T6), KNO3 2 per cent  + NAA 20 ppm (T7), KNO3 2 per cent  + Salicylic acid 200 ppm (T8), Water Spray (T9) and Control (T10).

Results: The plants treated with KNO3 at a concentration of two per cent and NAA at 20 ppm exhibited the highest levels of total number of flowers per panicle (791.82), hermaphrodite flowers (239.406), percentage of fruit set (0.48), number of fruits per tree (129.22), yield (50.04) and quality parameters viz., total soluble solids (16.77°Brix), titratable acidity (0.30 per cent), ascorbic acid (20.56 mg), total sugar (19.58 per cent), reducing sugar (5.60 per cent) and non-reducing sugar (14.26 per cent) compared to other treatment combinations.

Conclusion: In a nutshell, applications of KNO3 at a concentration of two per cent and NAA at a concentration of 20 ppm had a positive effect on the flowering, yield and quality aspects of mango cv. Banganapalli.

]]> mango, pre-harvest chemicals, flowering, quality, yield Research Article Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 IST Foliar application of nano-nutrients on the structural, photosynthetic traits and yield of Psidium guajava L. Background: A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of nano-macro and micronutrient formulations on growth, flowering, physiological attributes and yield of guava (Psidium guajava L.) var. Arka Kiran.

Method: The experiment utilized a Randomized Block Design featuring ten treatments, which included different quantities of zinc oxide (ZnO), boron trioxide (B₂O₃), calcium oxide (CaO), and magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles foliar spray have been given to the guava (Psidium guajava L.) var. Arka Kiran.

Results: Demonstrated that ZnO nanoparticles at 1000 ppm (T4) significantly enhanced on different stages of plant height (2.26 and 2.43 m), canopy spread (1.98 m NS 1.76 m EW and 1.91 m NS 1.92 m EW) during fruit development and harvesting stage, (23.89) days taken for flower initiation, (12.68) days taken from flowering to fruit set, (122.36) days taken from fruit set to maturity, (205.24) flowers per tree and chlorophyll on different stages (31.88, 43.43, 59.53 and 53.36) fruit set per cent (72.10) fruit retention per cent (48.98) number of fruits per tree (72.50) and estimated yield per tree (12.82) compared to other treatments and control.

Conclusion: The findings confirm the potential of nano-nutrient formulations, particularly ZnO nanoparticles in improving guava morphological characteristics, flowering characteristics and physiological health. These results provide a foundation for optimized nutrient management strategies in guava cultivation, promoting sustainable agricultural practices and enhancing productivity.

]]> nanoparticles, macronutrients, micronutrients, growth, flowering, physiology, yield Research Article Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 IST Developing a sustainable rain alarm sensor for agricultural land Background: The weather, especially rainfall, has a major impact on agricultural production. Accurate and timely rainfall monitoring is crucial for efficient farm management. Farmers may make more informed decisions about crop protection, irrigation, and general land management with the aid of a sustainable rain alarm sensor. Rain sensors are gadgets made to recognize when there is rain or other precipitation and to initiate an action, such as setting off an alarm. The rain sensor project is a small model project used to sense rainfall, and it is used to inform by sounding an alarm to store rain water for irrigation.

Methods: Rain may be consistently and precisely detected using a variety of technologies and methods, including conductive, optical, capacitive, and auditory sensors. The flow study illustrates the procedures required to operate the coconut shell rain sensor. The coconut shell is used to characterize the rain sensor. When the rain sensor detects precipitation, the motor activates, and the surface water level is utilized to remove surplus runoff and rainfall water from the farmed land's surface. This allows rainwater to be stored for use in the circuit later on. If this is the case, it is used to gauge the quantity of water in the soil and is required to gauge the field's water level. The pump will start working, and the alarm will sound if there is an excess of water detected.

Results: Rainwater flow in the field might occur after a period of intense rain, which would impact crop development and yield. The issue here is that the sensor uses sound to signal rain in order to prevent erosion and excessive water overflow via the channel. The sensor is used to subtract rain based on time. With the aid of the Rain Alarm Sensor, this research offers a pump to release extra water through the appropriate route. The analysis conducted with this data demonstrates how the sensor functions as a flow chart study, and the comparison of various technologies reveals that, out of the three sensors we have put up for review, Sensor A (sensitivity at 0.1 mm/hr, A has the quickest reaction time, at 100 ms, Sensor A at 95%) is the top performer. Out of all of them, sensor A displays the finest performance.

Conclusion: This experiment may be used to find out what is more helpful to farmers when it rains. It is also extremely helpful to find out the field's surface water level in case any extra water runs off and lowers the water level in the cultivated region.

]]> infiltration, growth, storing water level, rain sensor, solution Research Article Mon, 30 Sep 2024 00:00:00 IST Effect of different sources of planting material on growth, yield and quality attributes in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) Background: Cassava is an industrial tropical tuber crop and it is used for human and animal consumption: but also used as a raw material for various agro-based industries.  Cassava is commercially propagated by using stem cuttings. These stem cuttings are often infected with viral and bacterial diseases which affect yield adversely. With this background, the present experiment was taken up to identify an elite virus free planting material with improved yield and qualitative characters in two promising cultivars of tapioca viz., H 226 and CO 2 using tissue cultured plants and different types of setts from field grown plants as planting materials.

Methods: An experiment was carried out to assess the effect of planting materials on the growth, yield and quality of Cassava varieties viz., H 226 and CO 2. The experiment was laid out in a Factorial Randomized Block Design with four treatments in two varieties and three replications. Observations were recorded on various growth, yield and quality attributes of the crop.

Results: Significant results on plant height, stem girth, number of branches and number of leaves are recorded with tissue cultured plants. There is no significant difference among the treatments for starch, HCN and protein contents. There is a significant difference in starch content among the varieties. The variety CO 2 possessed more starch content than H 226.

Conclusion: Among the four treatments (different kinds of planting materials) followed in this study, the treatment T1 Tissue cultured plants recorded lesser incidence of cassava mosaic virus, more number of fibrous roots, highest values for plant height, stem girth and tuber yield. Among the varieties, CO 2 showed the least incidence of cassava mosaic virus. The CO 2 tissue culture plants could give better yield in the field conditions.

]]> cassava, tissue culture, mosaic disease, yield Research Article Mon, 30 Sep 2024 00:00:00 IST Influence of plant growth regulators on growth, seed yield and quality of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) Background: The use of plant growth regulators through foliar spraying proves beneficial where roots fail to supply the required nutrients. The plant growth hormones supplementation through foliar sprays enables the direct and efficient utilization of nutrients by plants, manifesting observable effects within a short period which ultimately increases seed quality and seed yield in okra.

Methods: The present study on “Effect of foliar application of plant growth regulators on growth, seed yield and quality of okra” was conducted at Department of Agril. Botany Farm, Agriculture College, Pune and laboratory studies was conducted in STRU, MPKV, Rahuri. The field trial was conducted in randomized block design (RBD) having nine treatments including control with three replications and lab experiment was conducted in completely randomised block design (CRD). The treatments comprise of different plant growth regulators such as GA3 at 100 ppm, 200 ppm, 250 ppm, NAA at 100 ppm, 200 ppm, IBA at 100 ppm, 150 ppm, Kinetin at 200 ppm including control (No spray control). Two foliar sprays of each plant growth regulator treatment were applied at 30 and 45 days after sowing.

Results: The plant growth regulator GA3 at 250 ppm foliar spraying was found to be the best treatment for plant growth, seed yield and quality characters of okra variety Phule Vimukha viz., days to 50% flowering (40 days), plant height (89.83 cm), number of leaves (25.50), number of branches (3.92), moisture content (16.50 %), germination (93.33 %), seedling length (24.20 cm), root length (9.23 cm), shoot length (15.27 cm), shoot root ratio (1.80), seedling dry weight (29.26 g), seed vigour index (2258), hard seeds (2.50),  dead seed (3.50), electrical conductivity (1.07 dS/m), number of fruits per plant (15.00), fruit length (19.53 cm), fruit diameter (2.00 cm), number of seeds per fruit (52.00), 100 seed weight (7.87 g), seed yield per plant (58.05 g).

Conclusion: Application of plant growth regulator GA3 at 250 ppm treatment as two foliar sprayings at 30 and 45 DAS was found more promising in increasing growth, yield and quality characters of okra variety Phule Vimukha as compared to the untreated control.

]]> GA3, NAA, okra, Phule Vimukha, quality, yield Research Article Mon, 30 Sep 2024 00:00:00 IST Recent developments in cultivation and processing of sweet gourd (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) Sweet gourd (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.), commonly found in Vietnam and parts of India is a nutritionally rich crop known for its high carotenoid content, particularly lycopene and β-carotene. These nutrients contribute to the fruit's antioxidant properties, anticancer activity, and provitamin A content, which can boost human immunity. The fruit is gaining attention due to its potential to enhance health and well-being, alongside its economic benefits for farmers. To improve the cultivation and propagation of sweet gourd, various techniques have been developed, including seed germination methods, propagation by cuttings, and agrobacterium-mediated leaf explant protocols. Additionally, micropropagation techniques have been employed to facilitate the mass production of grafted plants, addressing the fruit's historically poor horticultural potential. Furthermore, advancements in processing technologies are being utilized to maximize nutrient retention, extend shelf life, and enhance the efficacy of sweet gourd in food and beverage products. India has made significant strides in cultivating and processing sweet gourd, with successful cultivation across various states and the potential for high market returns. The promotion and widespread cultivation of this crop can meet the growing demand for nutritionally rich foods, offer farmers a new source of income, and contribute to improved health outcomes. Sweet gourd holds promise as a nutraceutical crop that can contribute to both health and economic well-being. By leveraging improved cultivation and processing methods, there is significant potential for its introduction and expansion in India, offering substantial benefits in terms of nutrition, agriculture, and market opportunities.

]]> sweet gourd, gac fruit, Momordica cochinchinensis, dioecious, anticancer, carotenoids, provitamin A, trypsin inhibitors, Xoi gac Review Article Mon, 30 Sep 2024 00:00:00 IST Preparation and evaluation of value added functional flavoured milk using spirulina powder Background: The interest in spirulina lies due to its high level of protein and mineral content besides its excellent functionality and health promoting characteristics.

Methods: Spirulina powder was added to milk at different levels 0.3 and 0.5% respectively. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a least significant difference (LSD) test was applied for multiple sample comparisons to test for any significant differences (p≤0.05) in the mean values of all the groups.

Results: The average chemical composition of spirulina powder showed protein 68%, fat 6%, ash 9%, moisture 3%, carbohydrate (by difference) 14%, Iron 980 ppm and calcium 685 ppm. Gamma Linolenic acid (GLA) was found as a major fatty acid i.e.30mg/gm in spirulina powder.

Conclusion: An increase in protein content, essential fatty acid, iron and calcium and gamma linolenic acid at both the levels of spirulina powder addition in milk was observed when compared with control during the storage at refrigeration temperature over a period of 6 days. Separation of milk protein containing spirulina powder was carried out using SDS-PAGE. It showed that milk protein bands interact with spirulina proteins near 19 kDa.

]]> flavoured milk, spirulina powder, storage study, sensory characteristics Research Article Sun, 30 Jun 2024 00:00:00 IST Morphological traits and seed yield of non-branching monostem sesame VRI 5 under varied crop geometry Background: Prominence and demand for sesame is high, however, its production remains quite low. Scarcity of labour is one of the constraints to carry out the key operations in time, wherein delayed operations result in low productivity. The newly evolved non-branching type sesame is amenable for farm mechanization. Optimizing the crop geometry is a pre-requisite to step further for mechanizing the newly evolved monostem sesame cultivation. Keeping these aspects in view, field evaluations were conducted to evaluate the yield potential of non-branching monostem sesame VRI 5.

Methods: The newly evolved non branching monostem sesame VRI was evaluated with eight set of treatments viz., T1 - 30 x 30 cm, T2 - 30 x 15 cm, T3 - 30 x 10 cm, T4 - 20 x 20 cm, T5 - 20 x 15 cm, T6 - 20 x 10 cm, T7 - 30 x 20 x 10 cm in paired row, T8- 30 x 15 x 10 cm in paired row during two seasons viz., Summer 2021 and Summer 2022. The experiment was laid out in three replications following randomized block design.

Results: Higher plant height at harvest (88.1 cm), number of nodes per plant (14.1) and internode length (5.38 cm) were noted at a wider spacing of 30 x 30 cm. However, a higher seed yield of 770 kg/ha was recorded at a square geometry of 20 x 20 cm.

Conclusion: Based on the two consecutive years of field experiment it is ascertained that the crop geometry at a spacing of 20 x 20 cm is ascertained to be optimum in recording higher productivity of monostem sesame VRI 5.

]]> monostem sesame, crop geometry, spacing, productivity Research Article Sun, 30 Jun 2024 00:00:00 IST Effect of foliar application of micronutrients on seed quality and yield of soybean (Glycine max L.) Background: The application of micronutrients through foliar spraying proves beneficial in scenarios where roots fail to supply the required nutrients. Micronutrient foliar sprays enable the direct and efficient utilization of nutrients by plants through their leaves, manifesting observable effects within a short period which ultimately increases seed quality and yield in soybean.

Methods: The present investigation on “Effect of foliar application of micronutrients on seed quality and yield of soybean” was conducted during kharif 2022 at Post Graduate Institute, MPKV, Rahuri. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with eight treatments in three replications. The treatments comprise of different micronutrients such as Borax @200 ppm, FeSO4 @200 ppm, ZnSO4 @200 ppm, CuSO4 @100, ppm MnSO4 @100 ppm, (NH4)2MoO4 @100 ppm, Phule Grade 2 Micronutrient 100 ml/10 lit water including control. The micronutrients were applied as foliar spray at 25 and 40 days after sowing.

Results: The Phule Grade 2 Micronutrient was found to be better treatment for growth, seed quality and yield characters of soybean variety Phule Sangam viz., days to 50% flowering (42 days), plant height (74.80 cm), days to maturity (100 days), number of branches (7.26), moisture content (9.30 %), germination (92.66 %), speed of germination (22.40), root length (14.20 cm), shoot length (20.00 cm), shoot root ratio (1.43), seedling dry weight (1.89 g), seed vigour index I (3160), seed vigour index 2 (174),  dead seed (1.66), electrical conductivity (0.42 dS/m), number of pods per plant (85.06), number of seeds per pod (3.00), 1000 seed weight (168 g), seed yield per plant (41.50 g).

Conclusion: Application of Phule grade 2 micronutrient treatment as two foliar sprayings at 25 and 40 DAS was found more beneficial in increasing growth, yield and seed quality characters of soybean variety Phule Sangam as compared to the untreated control treatment.

]]> phule grade 2 micronutrient, phule sangam, soybean, spraying, quality and yield Research Article Sun, 30 Jun 2024 00:00:00 IST Application of nanoparticles in agriculture and vegetable seed germination The potential revolutionary impact of nanoparticles in agriculture has made them the subject of considerable interest in recent years. This review investigates nanoparticle's effects on the germination process of vegetable seeds. It analyzes the influence of nanoparticles on seed viability, development dynamics, and the overall health of plants. This review comprehensively examines the extant literature to clarify the mechanisms contributing to improving seed germination via nanoparticles. It emphasizes critical elements, including the type and concentration of nanoparticles and the manner of application. In addition, the review examines potential obstacles and apprehensions linked to the application of nanoparticles in agriculture, encompassing safety concerns and ecological ramifications. By analyzing the current research findings, this review offers significant insights into the potential of nanoparticles to enhance the germination of vegetable seeds. Additionally, it establishes a foundation for future research directions in this rapidly developing domain.

]]> nanoparticles, nanotechnology, seed germination, silica nanoparticles, selenium biofortification Review Article Sun, 30 Jun 2024 00:00:00 IST Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging technique: horticultural perspective Chlorophyll fluorescence is a quick, non-lethal, and low-cost approach for evaluating Photosystem II activity in plants. It is denoted by Fv/Fm. The reason why it measured only PSII activity and not PSI is the fluorescence formed in PSI is constant and not variable like PSII. As PSII activity is responsive to abiotic as well as biotic factors, this approach is useful for studying photosynthetic systems and also providing a reliable benchmark of the way plants give a response to environmental variation. Though, Chlorophyll Florescence Imaging Technique is a valuable and propitious method for horticulture, it has significant shortcomings that must be addressed. Imaging of fluorescence signs, for instance, might be hampered by inflated tissues due to variances in light assimilation (e.g., curly leaves or spherical fruits), by highly reflective exteriors such as waxes or hairs, and by dust adulteration on the surface. Two leaves with different chlorophyll fluorescence release, for example, could not be compared if the light engrossed was not the same. Kautsky and Hirsch were the first to conduct experiments with the fluorescence of chlorophyll (Chl) by exposing a plant to blue light and saw it through a red filter to witness chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence with naked eyes. This method has advanced quickly since then.

]]> abiotic, biotic, chlorophyll, florescence, environmental and photosyst Review Article Sun, 30 Jun 2024 00:00:00 IST LEDs lead the way: maximizing vegetable potential through photonics Vegetables are considered protective foods as they are rich in vitamins, minerals and supply essential amino acids that our body cannot synthesize alone. Lighting can be used to alter the nutritional properties of vegetables. It also affects various stages of development in plants, which can be termed photo morphogenesis. Spectral quality, duration of exposure and amount of photon flux density significantly affect plants' physical, physiological and genetic parameters. Compared to other light sources, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are highly preferred for growing plants in a controlled environment due to their high energy use efficiency and supply of narrow light spectra. This review focuses on various studies that have been carried out to understand the effect of LED light with different spectra on various properties of vegetable crops, from their development to post-harvest quality. In addition, we have discussed the effect of LEDs on gene expression profiles.

]]> LED, far red, photon flux density, high intensity LED Review Article Sun, 30 Jun 2024 00:00:00 IST Millets in the limelight: wonder crops for combating climate change and nutritional security Agriculture is at a great risk on a global scale as because the areas that are most vulnerable to climate change include but are not limited to Africa, Asia and Latin America. As a result, we will witness increase in severe weather events, such as droughts, floods and heat waves which may disrupt crop production systems causing the loss of biodiversity. Consequently, it is important that plants that can survive these unfavorable conditions are found. Millets, small-seeded cereals that make up a group known for its ability to grow under unfavorable conditions including drought stress, stand out as an option revealing promise due to their unique adaptability in marginal environments. Having diverse origins and among the most ancient grains ever known, millets number about 6,000 species globally with rich nutritional composition and genetic diversity; thus they represent a practical choice toward enhancing climate resilience in agriculture through adoption at local levels worldwide. In this paper, we look at the biology of millets. We discuss their uniqueness in terms of domestication history plus their stress tolerance and climate resilience, features that set them apart from other cereal crops. Additionally, we delve into their major nutritional qualities, broad adaptability and genetic potential which all contribute to making millets a standout crop choice. Gene editing and biotechnological approaches take center stage as instrumental in hastening domestication efforts while still engineering high yielding millets that hold onto their climate resilience, a two pronged priority approach for enhanced production on one hand and preserving biodiversity on the other. In light of the changing climate patterns, it is clear that focusing on enhancing and growing millet on a large scale is essential for building resilient agriculture and securing food sources.

]]> agriculture, climate change, genetic diversity, millets, nutrition, resilience Review Article Sun, 30 Jun 2024 00:00:00 IST Evaluation of different Pole French Bean genotypes in Lamjung, Nepal Background: Yield, being a quantitative trait, is influenced by multiple yield-related traits and environmental factors. The objective of this research is to have an effective comparison of the different released, registered, popular, and local bean varieties at different growth stages, as well as to determine their yield potential for commercial production in Sundarbazar, Lamjung, and similar mid-hill conditions.

Methods: Consequently, twelve varieties of pole-type French bean, viz., Trishuli, Chaumase, Semi Light Long, Green Long Bean, LB-31, LB-37, Madhav, Chinese Long, Rato Makai Simi, Khairo Makai Simi, Kalo Makai Simi, and Kalo Simi, were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS), Sundarbazar, Lamjung, Nepal.

Results: The varieties under study showed significant differences in morphological, phenological, and yield parameters. Semi Light Long had the highest pod number per plant (44.76), yield per plant (289.13 g), and yield per plot (5726.83 g), at par with Chaumase for pod number per plant (42.03) and yield per plant (244.48 g). The highest pod weight was observed in LB-31 (6.75 g) at par with Semi Light Long (6.38 g), Green Long Bean (6.33 g), Chinese Long (5.96 g), Madhav (5.94 g), and Chaumase (5.76 g). Green long bean had the highest plant height (187.64 cm), at par with Semi Light Long (178.23 cm) and LB-31 (174.31 cm), and the highest pod length (13.98 cm) at par with LB-31 (13.82 cm).

Conclusion: Based on the results obtained, Semi Light Long would be the best variety to recommend for commercial cultivation in Sundarbazar, Lamjung, and other similar mid-hill environments.

]]> commercial, comparison, local varieties, vegetable bean, yield Research Article Sun, 31 Mar 2024 00:00:00 IST Phytochemical analysis through GC-MS in Mimosa pudica Background: The aim of the study to identify the phytochemical present in the Mimosa pudica plant present in the premises of SRM College of Agricultural Sciences, Chengalpattu district, Tamil Nadu, India.

Methods: Leaves, stem and root samples were used for the methanol extraction and the crude extract was subjected into the GCMS analysis.

Results: The results revealed the presence of Mome inositol; Guanosine; 3-o-methyl-D-fructose; Ether butyl isopentyl; Methyl.beta.-d-ribofuranoside; 3,4-Dichloroatropine etc., in the plant parts.

Conclusion: This study identified a range of bioactive compounds in Mimosa pudica using GC-MS analysis. Further studies to be carried out to find out more phytochemicals.

]]> Phytochemical, GC-MS, Mimosa pudica, medicinal plant, metabolite profiling Research Article Sun, 31 Mar 2024 00:00:00 IST Young tree performance of grapefruit varieties (Citrus paradisi Macf.) under central Indian conditions Background: Grapefruit is one of the important citrus species commercially cultivated worldwide. Recently, it is gaining popularity in India. Identification of regional specific suitable varieties is important. Keeping in this view, an experiment was conducted at Research Farm, ICAR-Central Citrus Research Institute, Nagpur to evaluate performance of grapefruit varieties under Central India conditions.

Methods: Seven grapefruit varieties viz., NRCC Grapefruit – 6, Flame, Star Ruby, Red Blush, Marsh Seedless, Foster and Imperial budded on Rangpur lime rootstock were planted at a spacing of 5 x 5 m during 2017. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications. The observations on plant growth, yield, and quality parameters were recorded during 2023.

Results: The analysis of the data suggested that significant differences were found among the grapefruit varieties for the traits studied. The highest plant height was found in Red Blush (1.71 m) followed by Marsh Seedless (1.60 m). However, the highest canopy volume was found Red Blush (4.84 m3) followed by Marsh Seedless (3.51 m3), which were at par. Among seven varieties, the highest fruit weight was found in NRCC Grapefruit 6 (470.67 g) followed by Red Blush (370.00 g) and Flame Grapefruit (319.33 g). The highest TSS was found in Foster (8.60 oBrix) and NRCC Grapefruit-6 (8.60 oBrix). The highest juice content was in NRCC Grapefruit-6 (37.79 %). There was no significant difference found for number of fruits tree-1 and the highest yield was recorded in Red Blush (5.87 kg/tree) which was at par with Flame (5.51 kg/tree) and NRCC Grapefruit-6 (5.51 kg/tree).

Conclusion: Based on the findings from first year of fruiting, NRCC grapefruit-6, Red Blush and Flame grapefruit are performing better at the initial stage of bearing.

]]> Citrus paradasi, grapefruit, early stage, growth, yield Research Article Sun, 31 Mar 2024 00:00:00 IST CRISPR-Cas9 mediated genome editing in soybean for improving quality traits Legumes are the major source of energy for people throughout the world and play a significant role in a balanced diet to satisfy the body's need for protein. Soybean (Glycine max L.) is also a poor man’s meat which is a highly enriched amount of protein present in it. Day-by-day increase in the worldwide population is also a great challenge to improve the yield and nutritional values. Here are some exciting ways to improve the yield and nutrition values through basic and advanced techniques that are particularly important and worldwide use. A unique idea called "biofortification" involves the enrichment of micronutrients using traditional plant breeding and contemporary technologies. Research on grain bio-fortification has considerably reduced hunger globally over the past few decades. The current bio-fortification programs are now more competitive due to a better understanding of the food matrix. Recent advancements in biotechnology have a variety of positive effects, and genetic engineering is developing quickly. Since genome editing technology has made it possible to precisely alter and change the genomes of living beings, it has transformed genetic and biological research, the simplest example is CRISPR/CAS9. We concentrate on the most recent developments in CRISPR/Cas9-based technology and talk about the prospects and difficulties of using this ground-breaking technology to improve specific characteristics in soybeans and other crops.

]]> CRISPR/CAS9, soybean, genome editing, quality traits, biofortification Review Article Sun, 31 Dec 2023 00:00:00 IST Adaptation and performance evaluation of koekoek chicken breed under agro-pastoral management condition of South-Omo Zone, Ethiopia Lack of best-performing breed was the main chicken production problem, & keeping improved breeds boosts chicken meat and egg production. An experiment targeted with adaptation & performance evaluation of the Koekoek breed was conducted in the Hammer district. A purposive sampling method was used to select kebele & households. After the provision of training the poultry house was constructed. Vaccination was provided for economically important diseases & 21 pullet chickens were distributed to each 25 households. The commercial feed was used initially, then home-prepared feed in addition to scavenging. The trial chickens were managed for 18 months. Mortality (19.8%) was the collective effect of predator, disease, stress, & injury with overall survival of 80.2%. The average body weight was 1.95 & 1.33 Kg for males & females at the age of 175 & 208 days respectively. The average yearly egg production & egg weight was 145 & 47.2 gram, respectively. The breed was preferred due to its egg production, body weight, scavenging, & less disease exposure. However, the veterinary vaccines, awareness gap of keepers, absence of breed, & feed shortage were the main factors. So, the breed showed good adaptation, performed well & highly preferred defending the hindering factors. Therefore, there should be strong awareness creation, the accessibility of the breed should be secured by extension, & feed trial experiments should be recommended to know the full genomic potential of the breed.

]]> agro-pastoralist, breed, chicken, dual-purpose, koekoek Research Article Sun, 31 Dec 2023 00:00:00 IST Yield performance and stress tolerance indices of wheat genotypes under irrigated and rainfed condition The majority of the wheat-growing area of Nepal depends upon seasonal rainfall for irrigation. Water scarcity during the critical wheat growing phases has been a major cause of poor production of wheat. To cope with the poor performance of wheat under rainfed conditions, it is crucial to identify the genotype adaptive to moisture-restricted conditions. The experiments were carried out using twenty wheat genotypes in alpha lattice design with two replications under irrigated and rainfed conditions at the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS), Bhairahawa, Rupandehi. The genotypic evaluation was done using the Tolerance Index (TOL), Stress Susceptibility Index (SSI), Yield Stability Index (YSI), Mean Productivity (MP), Geometric Mean Productivity (GMP), and Stress Tolerance Index (STI). Results showed grain yield of wheat was reduced by 64% under rainfed as compared to irrigated conditions. Correlation showed MP, GMP, and STI had a significant positive correlation with yield at irrigated (Yp) and yield at rainfed (Ys). Hence MP, GMP, and STI could be used to identify the high-yielding and stress-tolerant genotypes. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and biplot suggested, Nepal Line (NL) 1506 and NL 1508 as high-yielding and stress tolerant wheat genotypes.  Hence these genotypes can further be evaluated in plant breeding programs to release as a climate resilient wheat genotype for the overall yield improvement and food and nutritional security of Nepal.

]]> wheat, rainfed, tolerance, adaptive, stress, indices Research Article Sun, 31 Dec 2023 00:00:00 IST Traits association and path coefficient analysis of yield and yield attributing traits of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes at pawe, northwestern Ethiopia Besides the existence of genetic variation, the relationship between traits determines whether plant breeding is successful. As a result, identifying the influence of yield-related traits on yield is critical. Hence, in 2020/21 cropping season, this study was carried out using 70 upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes at Pawe, to determine the magnitude of association and the direct and indirect influence of yield component traits on grain yield of rice. Traits such as biomass, days to heading, and days to maturity, productive tillers, panicle length, and filled grain per panicle have shown medium to high positive association with grain yield. In the Path analysis, except days to heading all traits mentioned above had a positive direct influence on grain yield. Traits like days to heading, days to maturity, productive tillers, and grain width had moderate positive indirect effects on grain yield. Therefore, in the process of selecting rice genotypes for further breeding programs of yield improvement characters like biomass yield that had the highest positive association and high direct influence could be primarily used as selection criteria since improvement of these traits leads to grain yield increment.

]]> correlation coefficient, genotypes, path analysis, rice, grain yield, yield components Research Article Sun, 31 Dec 2023 00:00:00 IST Agro-pastoralist trait preference, constraints, and perceptions on Boer x Woyito Guji crossbreed goats in Hammer district of South Omo Zone, Ethiopia The study was conducted to identify agro-pastoralist traits preferences, constraints and perceptions of Boer woyto-guji crossbreed kids born with buck mobilization project at Hammer District, South Omo zone. A total of fifteen projects benefited participants through buck mobilization and experience in goat rearing were involved of which 86.7% and 13.3% were male and female participants, respectively. Information on traits preferred, goat husbandry management, and breeding practices perceived by agro-pastoral communities was collected using a questionnaire and data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. In two phases the fifteen participants contributed 92 dry local females with an average of 6.13 (ranging from 4 to 12). From the contributed 68 (74%) goats served and only 55(60%) were tested positive for pregnancy due to different reasons. The agro-pastoralist preferences of the crossbreed kids were assessed and their responses were collected by interviewing. About 66.7%, 86.7%, and 93.3% of them asserted that cross kids were below their local goats on disease resistance, feed shortage, and water shortage tolerance, respectively. Results revealed that quantitative yield traits, phenotypic appearance, and temperament of the crossbreeds were accepted (100%) with a very good preference rate. The participants were asked to mention their preference for crossbreed with their drawbacks and cited fast growth, color, ear and horn type, good conformation or body size of the kids were good traits while docile behavior which can predispose to predators, high feed consumption, low resistance of disease, water and feed shortage as weak traits. From the questionnaire, the pastorals replied that the crossbreed kids live with other local kids together (100%) in the barn. The most important challenges mentioned and perceived by the pastorals in the buck mobilization were improper selection of breeding doe which led to abortion or stillbirth of doe, dystocia, death of crossbreed kids, eaten by predators in pastures, short duration of the buck with doe’s and false mating of doe. Lack of training and awareness creation, diseases, and poor extension linkage are also cited as constraints. It is concluded that, to overcome the identified constraints it needs appropriate strategies on various interventions such as provision of theoretical and practical ongoing training, utilization of buck mobilization program through the formation of cooperation and use of production packages for the implementation and sustainable utilization of improved breeds.

]]> Agro-pastoralists, trait preferences, buck mobilization, constraints, crossbreed goats Research Article Sun, 31 Dec 2023 00:00:00 IST Study on the status, adoption, and economic role of disseminated improved chickens and their production constraints A study targeted the status, economic contribution, adoption, and production constraint of disseminated exotic chickens was conducted in the Malle district and Jinka town. A purposive sampling method was used to select kebeles and households. A total of 120 households were used (2*2*30) to collect information focusing on improved chicken distribution, aim, improved breed sources, performances of the breeds, production practices, health and medication, extension services, and constraints. In addition to questionnaire data, house-to-house observation and inspection were undertaken. Chicken production provided additional income sources to household women to prepare cultural food (Cheka) and drink (Shoforro) in addition to providing animal protein. The extension sector of livestock played a significant role in the dissemination of improved chicken breeds, but there were no chicken keepers that used the full poultry package. The distribution of the improved breed was in a fast-increasing manner without the poultry full package. The breeds such as Rhode Island Red, SASSO, Koekoek, and Bovan Brown were disseminated breeds and the SASSO breed was highly distributed breed in the areas, but currently, there was no distribution of RIR. Compared to the fast chicken distribution and demand for chicken meat and egg, the productivity of the improved chicken breed was not satisfactory due to the weak management, absence of a full poultry package, feed shortage, absence of vaccine, chicken disease, absence of options for improved breeds and predators. Therefore, changing the management interventions that are used for local ecotypes and securing the locally available feed and medication options should be recommended to get satisfactory products from the improved chicken production.

]]> Breed, Chicken, Dissemination, Improved and Production Research Article Sun, 31 Dec 2023 00:00:00 IST Jatropha curcas L.: A sustainable resource for biofuel feedstock with medicinal and commercial attributes The Euphorbiaceae family includes Jatropha curcas L., a tree with the greatest potential for producing biofuel. A perennial, drought-resistant, and extremely adaptable plant, it is gaining prominence in the biodiesel industry. Ratanjyot, Nutmeg plant, Barbados nut, and Physic nut are some of its more well-known names. Jatropha trees grow 3 to 6 meters tall, with heart-shaped green leaves, smooth, grey bark, and latex. A large shrub or small tree known as Jatropha curcas L. produces seeds containing inedible oil. Jatropha curcas, a tropical plant, can be cultivated as a commercial crop or on farms in areas with varying precipitation levels, ranging from low to high. Plants can be grown as a crop or as a border hedge to keep grazing animals away from crops and minimize soil erosion. Jatropha leaves, seeds, and bark have been used medicinally since ancient times, treating constipation, anthelmintic difficulties, and stomach illnesses. Many different secondary metabolites were discovered when physio-chemists studied the extracts and latex, such as alkaloids, saponins, curcin, curcusones-B, curcain, lectin, curcacycline A, phorbol acetate, tannins, steroids, etc. The J. curcas plant is used in various ways, including replacing fossil fuel diesel for domestic purposes, soap production, and raw materials for dye. Due to its antiviral, anticancer, antidiarrheal, larvicidal, and insecticidal activities, it is currently receiving significant interest. It is a versatile tree species suitable for agroforestry and other afforestation programs. Exploration has been conducted into plant potential utilization for diverse purposes.

]]> Jatropha curcas, ratanjyot, phytochemicals, biodiesel, oil Review Article Sat, 30 Sep 2023 00:00:00 IST Analysis on crop-livestock and agro-pastoral farming system Identifying the current farming system is important for different agricultural policy implementation as climate variability changed the farming system in the study area. Hence, this study aimed to analyze the current farming system of crop-livestock and agro-pastoral areas in the south omo zone. A multistage sampling method was used to select 240 sample respondents from the study districts. Descriptive statistics and narrative approaches were used to analyze data. The result indicated that there was a dominance of crop production (63.3%) and supportive livestock production (36.7%) in crop-livestock farming system whereas in agro pastoral farming livestock dominates (72.5%) with supportive crop production (27.5%). The result also indicated that the main livestock production constraints for farmers and agro-pastorals in the area are extensive drought and erratic rainfall, diseases, shortage of veterinary medicine, feed and water shortage.  Moreover, the survey result shows that poor soil fertility management, low inputs use, pests (diseases and insects), delay of input supply and high costs are the main impediments in crop production for farmers and agro-pastorals in the area. The major constraints of natural resources in the study are soil fertility decline, land shortage due to fragmentation of land for their children and deforestation. Therefore, it needs more attention to reverse the mentioned major constraints so as to enhance production and productivity. Timely supply of improved inputs, improved forage, methods of disease control and intensifying natural resource management and creating better awareness on physical and biological soil management are critical for improvements of soil to enhance productivity.

]]> agro-pastoral, crop, farmers, farming system, livestock Research Article Sat, 30 Sep 2023 00:00:00 IST Evaluation of grain protein content in Eragrostis tef for different N fertilizer application under irrigated condition The decline in soil fertility and shortage of rainfall has been the main reason for the low productivity of Eragrostis tef (Zucc.), particularly in the northern part of Ethiopia. A field experiment was conducted to examine the impact of planting method and nitrogen fertilizer rates on the yield and protein content of irrigated Tef. The experiment consisted of four planting methods (pelleting, broadcasting, row planting, and transplanting) and six N fertilizer rate (0, 23, 46, 69,92 and 115 kg ha-1) combined in Factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications. Seven response variables, heading date, maturity date, plant height, number of productive tillers, above ground biomass yield, grain yield, and grain protein content of Tef have been collected and analyzed. Analysis of variance showed that all parameters, with the exception of grain protein content, were significantly affected (P<0.05) by the interacting effects of planting methods and nitrogen levels. The highest values of all parameters were obtained from transplanting and N rate of 92 kg ha-1, although Tef plants receiving this treatment were extremely tall and were late in heading and maturity periods, which may have a negative implication Tef under rainfed system. In irrigated Tef, the nitrogen rate exponentially increased grain protein content until 92 kg ha-1N, which optimizes the nutritional quality of the crop, unlike the rainfed agricultural system.

]]> pelleting, transplanting, nutritional quality, irrigated tef Research Article Sat, 30 Sep 2023 00:00:00 IST Evaluation of wheat genotypes using stress tolerance indices under irrigated and drought at late sown condition Late sowing and drought under late sown conditions of wheat are the major constraints on wheat production in South Asian countries. The yield of wheat is significantly reduced due to the lack of irrigation water and temperature-induced late sown in Nepal. To identify late sown drought tolerant genotypes of wheat a field experiment was conducted using twenty elite wheat genotypes at the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS), Paklihawa Campus, Nepal in an alpha lattice design with two replications using ten stress tolerance indices (STIs) (Tolerance Index (TOL), Mean Productivity (MP), Stress Susceptibility Index (SSI), Geometric Mean Productivity (GMP), Stress Tolerance Index (STI), Yield Stability Index (YSI), Modified Stress Tolerance Index 1 (MSTI 1), and Modified Stress Tolerance Index 2 (MSTI 2)). NL 1368 and Bhirkuti was found to have highest yield under late sown and drought under late sown condition. The grain yield was found to be reduced from 10.7% to 43.1 % under late sown drought conditions with a mean reduction of 23.67% in comparison with late sown condition showing a direct effect of drought under late sown condition on grain yield of wheat. Correlation analysis showed, yield at late sown condition and yield at drought under late sown condition were significantly positively correlated to MP, GMP, STI, MSTI1, and MSTI2. Principal component biplot analysis showed, Yp and Ys both were positively correlated with MP, GMP, MSTI1, and MSTI2. Hence, selection based on MP, GMP, MSTI1, and MSTI2 would give a high-yielding genotype under both conditions. The first two principal components cumulatively explain 98.720% of total variation for stress tolerance indices and Bhirkuti, BL 4919, NL 1368, and NL 1376 were found to be high yielding potential genotypes across both environments. Thus, these can be used as a genetic material for yield improvement in wheat.

]]> biplots, high yielding, improvement, principal component analysis, tolerance Research Article Sat, 30 Sep 2023 00:00:00 IST Demonstration of Boer x-Woyto-Guji crossbred goats in Bena-Tsemay Woreda, South Omo Zone, Ethiopia The study was conducted in the agro-pastoral agro-ecology of the Bena-Tsemay woreda to demonstrate, promote, and evaluate the productive performance of Boer x-Woyto-Guji crossbred bucks (75% and 50% Boer) and their progenies under agro-pastoral management systems. Data were analyzed using statistical software by SPSS version 23.0. The kids’ body weight was recorded for one year in three age groups, 0-3, 3-6 and 6-12 months. A total of 139 (70 with 25% and 69 with 37.5% Boer blood) crossbred kids were evaluated to assess the effect of blood level on body weight (kg). The overall average BWT, WWT, SMWT, and YWT of the crossbred kids were 2.82kg, 9.3kg, 14.14kg, and 17.68kg, respectively. The average BWT, WWT, SMWT, and YWT of the 25% and 37.5% blood level crossbred kids were (2.79, 2.93kg), (8.60, 9.99kg), (13.47, 15.14kg) and (16.84, 19.02kg), respectively. In both blood levels and at different age categories, male and single kids had heavier BWT, WWT, SMWT, and YWT than twin and female kids. The overall ADG of crossbred from 0-3, 3-6, and 6-12 months were 69.01, 57.11, and 39.43gm/day. The crossbred kids had higher gain from birth to 180 days of age. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) in ADG of blood level, type of birth and sex from birth to six months of age. The pre-weaning mortality rates of single and twins were 11.5% and 15.38%, respectively. About 73.4% of households perceived and preferred the crossbred goat although criticized it as weak in disease resistance and special care requirements. It is concluded that, crossbreeding using 50% and 75% Boer crossbred bucks is an ideal and suitable scheme for improving the indigenous goat body weight under agro-pastoral management conditions. Furthermore, the terminal crossbred bucks, kids not used to produce replacement, could be a remarkable option for marketing.

]]> crossbred, crossbreeding, indigenous breed, demonstration, woyto-guji goat, boer goat, south omo, bena-tsemay Research Article Sat, 30 Sep 2023 00:00:00 IST Cluster-based large-scale demonstration of improved sesame production technology Cluster-based large-scale demonstration of improved sesame technology through irrigation was done in the Bena-Tsemay district of South Omo zone, Belg season. A total of 6 agro-pastorals participated in the demonstration and one pastoral and agro-pastoral research group containing 16 members was established to share experiences with each other starting from planting to harvesting. The demonstration was done on a land size of 10 hectares in a cluster base. Participatory training was given to all participants on important agronomic practices and management measures. All the recommended agronomic management was applied with close supervision and follow-up of researchers. Agronomic data and grain yield was collected and analyzed. Accordingly, an average grain yield data of 0.725 tons ha-1 was obtained. Feedback was also collected from participants and they preferred the technology based on its early maturity, yield per plant, branch per plant, disease resistance, pod per plant, seed color, marketability, and overall yield. Thus, using this improved sesame (Mehando-80) variety with its agronomics management is advisable.

]]> cluster, demonstration, oil seed, production, sesame, yield Research Article Fri, 30 Jun 2023 00:00:00 IST Evaluation of linseed (flax seed) varieties Linseed is one of the oilseed crops introduced earlier in Ethiopia and is currently grown widely next to sesame and noug. The demand for linseed oil production and home consumption increased and needs production enhancement by providing the ideal varieties for the growers. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the performance of newly released linseed varieties in the agroecology of the West Shewa zone of the Oromia region and identify the highest yielders and a stable variety for the farmers of the area. A total of six improved varieties, including local check, were evaluated using a randomized complete block design with three replications at three districts of the West Shewa zone during the 2020/2021 cropping season. The analysis of variance over multi-locations revealed that varieties across locations were significantly (p≤0.01) different for phenological traits like days to flower and maturity. Likewise, locations induced a significant variation for all traits evaluated. From the mean performance varieties, Yadeno and Kulumsa-1 gave the highest seed yield of 1610.41 Kggha-1 and 1516.66 Kgha-1, respectively. Besides, variety Yadeno showed a consistence performance across all locations. Thus these two high-yielder varieties have to be demonstrated and promoted to the farmers of the West Shewa zone to enhance the production of linseed.

]]> Ethiopia, flax seed, linseed, Linum usitatissimum, multi-location trial, RBD, trait evaluation, performance, yield Research Article Fri, 30 Jun 2023 00:00:00 IST Agricultural production and productivity constraints and opportunities in Dasenech and Nyagatom districts of South Omo Zone, Ethiopia The economy of the South Omo Zone heavily relies on livestock and crop production, but there are multiple challenges and constraints that are affecting these sectors. It is important to identify these issues at the grassroots level because the approach of delivering agricultural technologies from the top-down is not effective. This study was conducted to assess agricultural production and productivity constraints and opportunities in the Dasenech and Nyagatom districts of Ethiopia. To achieve the intended purpose, one Kebele was chosen from each district, and one pastoral and agro-pastoral research and extension group (PAPREG), which consisted of about 25 agro-pastoralists (15 males and ten females) was formed after conducting a community meeting. The existing crop varieties, productivity per hectare, prevailing agronomic practices, existing livestock breeds, livestock feed bases, animal husbandry system, agricultural technological demands and crop and livestock production constraints, and opportunities were important issues forwarded to PAPREG members. The results showed that a shortage of improved crop varieties and gasoline was ranked first and second in both districts, while drought was ranked third in Dasenech and sixth in Nyagatom district. Crop diseases and pests were ranked fifth in both districts, and a lack of awareness of improved agronomic practices was ranked third in Nyagatom and sixth in Dasench district. The agro-pastoralists in both districts were ranked feed shortages, animal disease and parasite prevalence, and limited access to veterinary services as first, second and third, respectively. In Dasench, the lack of improved breed and forage seeds was ranked fourth, while in Nyagatom, it was fifth. The Dasenech pastoralists strongly preferred cultivating improved Panicum grass, whereas the Nygatom preferred cultivating improved sorghum. The availability of fertile farmland and the sustainable Omo River present important opportunities for small-scale producers and investors. Based on the findings, efforts should be made to boost agricultural production and productivity by introducing improved crop and forage varieties, managing diseases and pests, improving indigenous breeds, strengthening veterinary drug supply services, developing improved forage banking systems, and providing capacity-building services.

]]> agriculture, agro-pastoralists, production, productivity, constraints, opportunities Research Article Fri, 30 Jun 2023 00:00:00 IST Cluster-based large-scale demonstration of improved sorghum cultivation technology Cluster-based large-scale demonstration of improved sorghum technology through irrigation was done with the objective of demonstrating and popularizing improved sorghum technology in the Bena-Tsemay district of the South Omo zone. A total of 17 agro-pastoralists participated in the demonstration, and one pastoral and agro-pastoral research and extension group containing 27 members was established. The demonstration took place on a 10-hectare plot of land in a cluster-based. Participatory training was given to all participants on important agronomic practices and management measures. Researchers applied all the recommended agronomic and management practices with close supervision and follow-up. Both qualitative data like agro-pastoral perception and agronomic data, and quantitative data like grain yield were collected and analyzed. Cost-benefit ratio was also calculated to see the economic feasibility of sorghum production. The result indicated that the mean grain yield of sorghum production was 2.65 tons per hectare and the net gain (profit) from sorghum production was 55975 Birr per hectare which is an initiative for producers to continue the production. Also, the benefit–cost ratio of 1.6:1 indicates that sorghum production is an economically feasible activity in the area. Pastoral perception and feedback were also collected from participants. Most participants indicated the sorghum (Melkam) variety performed better than their local in terms of yield, early maturity, disease resistance, seed color, and seed size. Thus, further expansion and seed supply by district and zone stakeholder groups to that area is necessary to enhance sorghum productivity and thereby ensuring food security.

]]> cluster, demonstration, cost-benefit, production, sorghum, yield, Ethiopia Research Article Fri, 30 Jun 2023 00:00:00 IST Cost-effective saffron production system module for corm weight and planting density Production of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is expanding in both the traditional and non-native areas of Jammu and Kashmir, India. A study was carried out to develop a cost-effective production system module at ARSSSS, SKUAST-Kashmir, Pampore to determine suitable corm weight and planting density for saffron. The treatments in the current study includes 3 levels of corm weight (W1= < 8g, W2= 8-12g and W3 = >12g) and 5 levels of corm densities viz., 15 lakh corm density/ha, 12 lakh corm density/ha, 10 lakh corm density/ha, 5 lakh corm density/ha and 3 lakh density/ha (farmers practice). Economically, saffron corms were sown in ditches plant geometry to accommodate 04 saffron corms, irrespective of densities. The observations were recorded on percentage of plant emergence, number of flowers per unit area, rod length, stigma length, fresh weight and dry weight of flower, stigma fresh and dry weight, total stigma yield, corm multiplication ratio, the onset of the flowering and flowering period. The results showed that all the factors mentioned above other than rod length and stigma quality were significantly affected by corm weight and planting density. Corms with higher weight started flowering earlier and their flowering time was longer than other treatments. Four years of evaluation of the experiment confirms marked superiority in yield by planting corms weighing >7g with a plant population of 12 lakh corms/ha on a raised bed for a duration of 4 years.

]]> saffron, Crocus sativus, corm density, geometry, yield, quality Research Article Fri, 30 Jun 2023 00:00:00 IST Effect of variety and irrigation on tuber growth rate of potato The experiment was carried out in the field using a three replicate strip plot design. In the experiment, four potato varieties were used, namely Diamant, Cardinal, Asterix, and Lady Rosetta, and four irrigations were used as treatments. Four varieties and four irrigations were assigned randomly to plots. There were seven rows in each plot at 60cm distance and fourteen plants in each row at 25cm distance. The total area of each plot was 14.7 m2 (4.2 m x 3.5 m). BARI Alu-25 (Asterix) and BARI Alu-8 (Cardinal) were produced higher tuber fresh weight (g) and tuber fresh yield (t/ha) under water stress and well-watered conditions. Experiments revealed that the varieties BARI Alu-25 (Asterix) and BARI Alu-8 (Cardinal) demonstrated greater yield stability and yield contributing characteristics under water stress conditions and could be considered water stress tolerant varieties.

]]> tuber growth rate, irrigation, potato, water stress Research Article Fri, 31 Mar 2023 00:00:00 IST Cattle feed production constraint and opportunity in southwestern Ethiopia The absence of updated information on the current status of the cattle feed bases and feed production practice is one the important cattle feed production determinant that has been affecting cattle production in Jinka town of South Omo. This study was aimed to investigate cattle feed basis, feed availability, feed production constraints and opportunities in the Alga Kebele. A face-to-face household survey was conducted by interviewing 31 purposively selected cattle keeper households from the Alga Kebele based on cattle and cattle feed production experiences. The qualitative data such as cattle feed basis, feed availability, type of grazing land, grazing land productivity, grazing land management practices, feed conservation method, improved forage production status and the extent of extension service in cattle feed production were analysed using non-parametric methods, while the means of the quantitative parameters  such as age and sex of households, cattle number and categories and amount of land allocated for improved forage production were analysed by using parametric methods.  The result showed that about 87.1% of cattle feed producers were male-headed, while 12.9% were female-headed. Almost all (96.8%) of respondents replied that natural pasture was the main cattle resource basis, while very few (3.2%) replied that crop-residue and crop aftermath were used as cattle feed bases. Most respondents (87.1%) reported that there was not enough feed production for cattle in the last five years, while very few (12.9%) said that there was enough feed produced for cattle. All respondents mentioned that the productivity of the grazing land has been decreasing since the last five years onward due to climate variability (54.85%), a lack of grazing land management strategies (38.48%), and increasing cattle populations (9.67%). Moreover, about 67.7% of respondents did not adopt improved forage production due to a lack of knowledge (41.93%), a lack of forage seed (12.9%), a lack of training and support (22.58%), and a shortage of land (19.35%). The shortage of land, climate variability, lack of forage seeds and capacity building are major cattle feed production constraints, while the existence of extension services and favourable agro-ecology are an important opportunity for cattle feed production in the study area.

]]> cattle, feed, feed availability, feed production, constraints, opportunities, Ethiopia, climatic change Research Article Fri, 31 Mar 2023 00:00:00 IST Assessment of phenotypic variation in the local quail (Coturnix coturnix) populations of Ghana The study was conducted to identify the phenotypic variation between local quail populations in three agro-ecological zones (AEZs) of Ghana. A total of 540 quails (180 males and 360 females) were involved in the study. In all, five morphometric traits: body weight (BW), body length (BL), shank length (SL), body girth (BG), and wing length (WL) were used for the investigation. The data collected were subjected to analysis of variance as well as canonical discriminant analysis using Minitab19 software. It was revealed that sex had no significant (p>0.05) effect on morphometric traits measured except BW. Agro-ecological zone however, influenced all morphometric traits. The BW of local quails in the transitional zone (218.32g) was significantly (p<0.05) heaviest, followed by those in the Semi-deciduous forest (211.66g) and then Coastal Savanna (187.68g). Furthermore, it was deduced from the canonical discriminant analysis that the most vital trait for discriminating among the populations was BW. The Coastal Savanna had the local quail population with the highest similarity (71.7%); implying that quails within this AEZ may have come from related sources with similar genetic identity while the Semi-deciduous Forest had the lowest (12.2%) similarity, which could be due to the fact that the birds may have come from different sources. The largest Mahalanobis distance (D2) was found between the Coastal Savanna and the Semi-deciduous forest (2.46) and therefore, an inter-breeding program could be designed for quails selected from these two AEZs. Further studies could consider the molecular characterization of local quail populations within the three AEZs to provide additional information for decision making in designing of appropriate breed improvement scheme for quails.

]]> quails, discriminant analysis, morphometric traits, agro-ecological zone, Mahalanobis distance, Coturnix coturnix Research Article Fri, 31 Mar 2023 00:00:00 IST Comparative assessment on quality of life of spices producers and gatherers in Oyo state, Nigeria Quality of Life (QoL) represents individual’s overall satisfaction with life and is assessed in relation to their concerns, goals, standards and expectations. The study compared the quality of life of spices producers (PDRs) and gatherers (GRRs) in Oyo State, Nigeria. Respondents were selected using multistage sampling procedure. A total of 73 respondents were selected from three local government areas (LGAs) in the state. Quantitative data was collected using interview schedule, the WHOQoL 2011 was used to assess respondents QoL and qualitative data was collected during focus group discussion (FGD). Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the resulting data. The study revealed that majority (71.7%) of PDRs was male while majority (90.0%) of GRRs was female. Large household size characterized both categories of respondents. While majority (71.7%) of PDRs had no formal education, 50.0% of GRRs had vocational education. The study revealed that while majority (72.8%) of PDRs had high QoL index, majority (88.0%) of GRRs had low QoL index. A significant relationship was revealed between PDRs marital status, educational attainment (χ2=1.090, p=0.004; χ2=8.292, p=0.040) and QoL; and between GRRs sex (χ2=6.951, p=0.001), household size (r = 0.090, p = 0.03) and QoL. A significant difference was revealed between PDRs and GRRs QoL (t=2.410, p=0.002). Efforts to improve Quality of Life of rural dwellers focusing on improving the capabilities entailed in spices production and gathering for households to flourish is recommended.

]]> WHOQoL, spices, producers, gatherers, flourishing Research Article Fri, 31 Mar 2023 00:00:00 IST Inheritance of key traits in finger millet and its breeding implications in developing sustainable varieties in semi-arid regions Finger millet (Eleusine coracana L. Gaertn) is a food and feed crop for semi-arid regions. The crop is suitable for dry and hot environments, and it yields well even with minimal inputs. Its nutritional composition ranks higher than maize. Limited research studies have been done to improve the crop’s productivity and even to breed sustainable finger millet varieties suitable in Sub-Saharan Africa. This review aims to comprehend the inheritance of key traits and their breeding implication in developing varieties for food, beverages, and feed for semi-arid regions. The review identified traits with high heritability, which were grouped into compulsory and value-added traits. Grain yield potential was identified as a compulsory trait for all sustainable finger millet varieties. Days to maturity, drought and heat tolerance, protein content and blast disease tolerance were compulsory traits for food varieties. Light-coloured grains, phosphorus use efficiency, essential minerals content, low phytates and Striga tolerance were value-added traits for food varieties. Grain size, brown coloured-grains, free amino nitrogen and diastatic power were compulsory traits for beverages/opaque beer varieties. Essential minerals content, plant height and low phytates content were value-added traits for beer varieties. Dry matter stover yield, digestible dry matter digestible yield, digestibility, and plant height were compulsory traits for feed varieties. Several basal tillers, stover nitrogen content, stover crude protein content and soluble sugars content are value-added traits for feed varieties. Heritability plus genetic-advance as a percentage of the mean influence the choice of traits in a breeding programme. However, indirect selection methods like correlated trait inheritance and molecular markers can assist in breeding traits with high heritability.

]]> Additive gene action, breeding programme, Eleusine coracana, heritability, genetic-advance, semi-arid regions, climatic change, phosphorous use efficiency Review Article Fri, 31 Mar 2023 00:00:00 IST Effect of farmland trees Terminalia brownie and Vitex doniana on soil physicochemical properties and maize yield This study was focused on evaluating maize yield and soil fertility improvement under the canopy of retained farmland tree species, particularly Terminalia brownie and Vitex doniana in parkland Agroforestry. The study area was suitable for maize cropping and mature tree species exist in the area. The result showed that Maize yield decreased the understory of studied tee species compared with open field due to the shading effect on crop performance. On the other hand, soil fertility parameters near tree trunk/under canopy cover showed improvement in terms of soil pH level, total nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic carbon obtained except available potassium. Terminalia brownie and Vitex doniana farmland trees supply quantified amounts of important nutrients through the addition of organic biomass and modifying microclimate for ease of decomposition, so resource poor farmers had shortage to replenishing the soils with mineral fertilizer application. The present study concluded that multipurpose agroforestry trees have the potential to improved soil fertility in farming system and these could be promoted in smallholder farms by using appropriate above ground management options.

]]> agroforestry, canopy cover, farmland trees, maize, soil fertility, Terminalia brownie, soil physicochemical Research Article Sat, 31 Dec 2022 00:00:00 IST Growth performance and blood serum protein profile of broiler finisher fed with probiotics The study which spanned 35 days was carried out to investigate the impact of using probiotics on broiler birds' blood protein profile using the gel protein band development comparison. CRD was used for the experiment. A total of 36 Cobb Vantress birds were raised and fed with probiotics brand (poultry growth enhancer) containing culture solution of Lactobacillus spp. i.e milk bacteria, Bacillus spp., and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The bird physical parameter such as body weight and feed supplied were weighed and birds were fed with restricted feeding style. The bird fed with probiotics included diet had a significantly higher average daily weight gain than those not fed with probiotics (p<0.05) at 40.16 for the treated and 39.09 for the control while the final weight gain on the restricted diet with treatment was not significantly different at 1.13 while those without the treatment was 1.167 and the initial body weight of the control birds was higher than those fed with probiotics in the diet. The electrophoretic protein profile of control and probiotics-fed birds based on a preliminary investigation of 10 randomly selected birds fed with and without probiotics. It was discovered that thicker bands were observed at point for globulins, transferrins, and albumins showing increased level as globulins contain antibiotics for defense, transferrins for oxygen transport, and albumins for greater blood oncotic pressure; this suggests that probiotics had a major impact on the birds' health

]]> growth performance, blood serum, protein profile, broiler finisher, probiotics Research Article Sat, 31 Dec 2022 00:00:00 IST AMMI and GGE biplot analysis of yield of different wheat varieties under irrigated and moisture-restricted environments Wheat is an important winter cereal of Nepal but drought limits its production as 34.44% of wheat producing area is under non-irrigated environment. The identification of high yielding potential varieties with stable performance under drought environment may be the way forward to cope with limited productivity. So, in this study, the effect of genotype by environment interaction on yield of fourteen wheat varieties and two promising lines under two environmental conditions, irrigated and moisture-restricted environments were inspected. The research was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replication in each environment. The result showed significant difference between grain yield in irrigated and moisture restricted environments. In irrigated environment, highest yield was obtained in BL 4341 and lowest yield was obtained in Gautam while in moisture restricted environment, highest yield was obtained in NL 1327 and lowest yield was obtained in Nepal 297. In moisture-restricted environment, grain yield was reduced by 43.28% in comparison with irrigated environment. The AMMI analysis revealed that genotype, environment, genotype-environment interaction was highly significant for grain yield, and these explained 15.78%, 71.55%, 12.66% of the effect on yield, respectively. The which-won-where polygon view of GGE biplot revealed that BL 4341 and NL 1327 as vertex varieties and winning in irrigated and non-irrigated environment respectively. Furthermore, the mean-versus-stability pattern identified Bhrikuti as high yielding and stable variety while NL 1368 and Banganga were stable but produced below average yield. Similarly, from the ranking genotype pattern, we identified varieties Bhrikuti, BL 4341 and NL 971 to be close to the ideal variety respectively.

]]> adaptability, AMMI, environment, genotype, stability, stress, wheat Research Article Sat, 31 Dec 2022 00:00:00 IST Effect of weed management practices on chilli yield in chattogram hill districts of bangladesh In Bangladesh during 2017-2018 was conducted in a farmer's field of the Chattogram hill districts to determine the effectiveness of different weed control strategies for weed control of transplanted chilli. The dry weight of weeds, weed control efficiency, weed index, and yield components like the number of fruits per plant, fruit length, fruit weight, and marketable fruit yield, had been significantly affected by using weed control measures. In the act of weed treatment in chilli fields, hand weeding+mulching also gave the highest weed control efficiency at harvest (89.19% in Khagrachari, 89.82% in Rangamati and 90.02% in Bandarban, respectively), the number of fruits per plant (130.40 in Khagrachari, 126.70 in Rangamati and 135.40 in Bandarban, respectively), fruit length (7.20 cm in Khagrachari, 7.00 cm in Rangamati and 7.10 cm in Bandarban, respectively), fruit weight (2.00g in Khagrachari, 2.10g in Rangamati and 2.20g in Bandarban, respectively) and marketable fruit yield (11.58 t/ha in Khagrachari, 11.64 t/ha in Rangamati and 11.96 t/ha in Bandarban, respectively) are the highest, while the weed index (3.90% in Khagrachari, 4.04% in Rangamati and 2.68% in Bandarban, respectively), is the lowest for hand weeding and mulching treatment compared with other treatments. Along these lines, chilli production in the hill districts of Chattogram was deemed to be the best eco-friendly and effective weed control strategy for hand weeding+mulching treatment.

]]> chilli, weed control efficiency, hand weeding, mulching, weed index, yield Research Article Sat, 31 Dec 2022 00:00:00 IST Genetic parameters estimation and evaluation of yield and yield attributing traits of rice genotypes under reproductive drought stress condition In order to determine the degree of genetic divergence and to assess yield and yield components of rice under reproductive drought stress conditions, a field screening of eleven genotypes was carried out at a farmer's field in Sundarbazar, Lamjung. This was done using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Significant variations between all genotypes for all tested parameters were found by the analysis of variance, indicating the presence of genetic variability as well as the possibility of future improvement through selection. Phenotypic coefficient of variance was higher than genotypic coefficient of variance for all traits under study and difference between them was found low, meaning less influence of environment in the expression of these characters and selection could be effective on the basis of phenotype independent of genotype for the improvement of these traits. Moderate to high estimates of GCV, PCV, heritability and genetic advance as percent of mean was found for all traits studied. Chlorophyll content, leaf area and filled grains per panicle showed positive and significant association with grain yield. Three principal components were extracted based on eigen value accounting 84% of total variation. Eleven rice genotypes were clustered into three groups where cluster 3 was found to be superior for yield and yield attributing traits. Eight genotypes yielded more than that of check variety where highest yield was recorded by Sukhadhan-4. Rice genotypes under study showed enough genetic diversity hence, indirect selection of traits like flag leaf area, filled grains per panicle, harvest index, plant height, SPAD value and thousand grain weights will be effective for increasing yield.

]]> rice, reproductive, stress, drought, correlation, heritability, cluster Research Article Sat, 31 Dec 2022 00:00:00 IST Management of root knot nematode in tomato through Trichoderma harzianum and moringa leaf extract To assess the impact of Moringa and T. harzianum on managing Root Knot Nematode (M. incognita) in tomato and to ascertain the impact of combining Moringa and T. harzianum on (M. incognita) management in tomato, an experiment was carried out at the Ambo Agricultural Research Center in a greenhouse. Combinations of Moringa oleifera and T. harzianum were examined on plant parameters and M. incognita parameters on tomato plants at various concentrations of moringa plant extracts at(100%, 50%, 25%, 10%) and (1*104, 1*106, 1*108, 1*1010), respectively. The results showed that were significant variations (P0.05) on number of galls per plant, the number of egg masses per plant, final nematode population density per pot, and the reproduction factor among the treatments in terms of nematode population. Combined application of aqueous moringa plant extracts at S (100 percent) and T. harzianum at 1*1010spore/ml resulst showed the highest plant height 67.5 cm. The outcome showed those pots treated with aqueous moringa plant extracts S and T. harzianum 1*1010Spore/ml had the lowest mean reproduction factor (1.79) and population density (3588) compared to control. Pots treated with aqueous moringa plant extracts S/10 (10%) and T.harzianum 1*104Spore/ml had the highest mean reproduction factor and nematodes population density compared to the control. As a result, T. harzianum and M. oleifera could be utilized to combat M. incognita in the field. The findings of this study showed that test plants can lower nematode populations below economic thresholds and are easily accessible to farmers at no cost. Additional research is required to find new classes of bio-pesticides derived from natural plants that can take the place of the synthetic chemicals now in use.

]]> aqueous, bio-pesticide, moringa, root knot nematode, Trichoderma harzianum Research Article Fri, 30 Sep 2022 00:00:00 IST Population dynamics and management of tobacco caterpillar on cabbage The tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura Fabricius. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is the most common and damaging insect pest of cabbage worldwide. The cabbage head infestation started in the first week of October when the increase in cabbage heads started. The temperature notably improved during this time, while the rainfall declined. Spraying of voliam flexi 300SC @ 0.5 ml/l water and hand collection and destruction of infested fruits, larvae, pheromone trap and nappy trap (T3) used to be the cure that reduced the infestation of tobacco caterpillars and cabbage head infestation among the treatments (87.99% and 83.67%; 85.92% and 87.76%; 87.19% and 88.30% in the three hill districts over untreated control, respectively). It performed best (54.20, 42.15, and 50.25 tha-1 in three hill districts, respectively). Therefore, in the hilly region of Chattogram, Bangladesh, where the tobacco caterpillar occurs, spraying voliam flexi 300SC @ 0.5 ml/l water and hand collection and destruction of infested fruits, larvae, pheromone trap and nappy trap (T3) to be the most effective method for controlling this pest

]]> tobacco caterpillar, population dynamics, management, nappy trap, hilly areas, cabbage Research Article Fri, 30 Sep 2022 00:00:00 IST Comparative growth and yield analysis of intercropped African yam bean with maize The experiment consists of five local accessions of African Yam Bean viz; Gboko, Makurdi, Otukpo, Ukum and Ushongo accessions; inter-row spacing was 75 cm while intra-row spacing was 30 cm for African Yam Bean and 75 cm x 20 cm, 75 cm x 30 cm and 75 cm x 40 cm for maize. The experiment was laid in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three (3) replicates. A plot size of 4 m x 3.4 m (13.6 m2) was used; parameters measured include plant height, number of seeds per plant, number of leaves per plant, number of seeds per pod, grain yield, pod length, percentage seed weight, cob length and cob width. The experiment revealed that Otukpo accession of African Yam Bean intercropped with maize at 40 cm x 75 cm gave the highest grain yield (2.15 t/ha) and highest number of pods/plant (18.88). The Gboko accession of the African Yam Bean intercropped with maize at 40 cm x 75 cm gave the highest pod length (16.93 cm) and highest number of seeds/plant (14.45). Sole planting of the Otukpo accession of the African Yam Beam gave the highest percentage seed weight. Sole planting of the Oshongo accession of the African Yam Beam also produced the tallest plants (28.01 cm and 79.37 cm) consistently. Similarly, Oshongo accession when intercropped with maize at 40 cm x 75 cm gave the highest number of leaves (135 and 175) consistently. Percentage seed weight, cob length, cob weight and grain yield of maize was affected by intercropping as Markurdi accession of AYB intercropped with maize at 40 cm x 75 cm produced the highest grain yield (2.09 tha-1) of maize. Grain yield result of AYB shows that Otukpo accession intercropped with maize at 40 cm x 75 cm presents optimum potential for intercropping and highest performance among other accessions examined and therefore recommended for Makurdi farmers.

]]> accession, african yam bean, intercropping, maize population, sole cropping Research Article Fri, 30 Sep 2022 00:00:00 IST Pre-extension demonstration of blended fertilizer rate for maize crop production in Debub Ari Woreda, Southern Ethiopia The demonstration was conducted with aim to introduce new rate of blended fertilizer on maize crop and to enhance farmers’ awareness toward new practice. Sites and host farmers selection were undertaken purposively by researcher jointly with agricultural experts of the corresponding woreda. The demonstration was carried out on five farmers’ and one FTC’s field in each kebele, and two plots per farmer’s and FTC’s fields were used. Totally, 105 participants were participated on training and field day events. Farmers’ preference and cost data were collected using individual interview whereas sample of grain yield data was collected from each plot per farmers using weight measurement. Participatory on-field performance evaluation was conducted and feedbacks from participant farmers, agricultural experts and stakeholder were collected during field day. Farmer’s preference evaluation results showed that, field performance of maize crop under new rate (100 NPSB + 260 Urea) kgha-1of blended fertilizer was more preferred to the existing extension practices. Yield performance result revealed that, better grain yield of 4.78t ha-1 was obtained from maize crop under new practice with yield advantage of 12.47% compared to existing extension practice. So, use of new rate of blended fertilizer enhances maize productivities in the area. Therefore, conducting further scaling up and popularization of the practice is recommended in areas with similar soil type and agro-ecology

]]> blended fertilizer, demonstration, extension practice, farmers’ preference Research Article Fri, 30 Sep 2022 00:00:00 IST Soybean improvement through stress resistance and new plant breeding technologies Soybean belongs to the Leguminosae family having great nutritional value. It is considered to be a multipurpose crop used as food, feed, and fuel. Soybean as BNF (Biological Nitrogen Fixation) plant increases soil fertility through root nodule bacteria. Conventional breeding was used for improvement in crops in the past. But now scientists are working on soybean improvement through Genetic engineering (GE) to satisfy the global food demand. Genetic engineering methods i.e. gene silencing and transgenesis have reduced many risks and helped to increase soybean resilience. Recently, new plant breeding technologies (NBPTs) like transcription activator-like effector nucleases, zinc finger nucleases, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR Cas9) appeared that are the basis for genetic improvement in soybean. These NBPTs proved beneficial in the improvement of soybean through precision genome engineering and gene functional characterization. These NBPTs have also covered the ethical and public acceptance problems about GE and transgenesis in soybean. In this review, we have provided a comprehensive note about stress resistance, nutritional enhancement of transgenic soybean, GE, and NBPTs, and their prospects.

]]> soybean, new plant breeding technologies, genetic engineering, stress resistance Review Article Fri, 30 Sep 2022 00:00:00 IST The quality of white and brown chicken eggs kept under different storage length and storage temperatures The work evaluated the effects of egg colour and storage conditions on quality traits of chicken eggs. Methods: 336 eggs were randomly picked from a flock of white and brown hens and classified into 4 groups of storage length (0, 7, 14 and 21 days) and 2 temperature groups (ambient and refrigeration). Data was analysed with the two-way Analysis of Variance embedded in the General Linear Model procedure of Minitab (version 18). Differences in means were separated using the Tukey Pairwise Comparisons Method at 5% significance level. Significantly, the white eggs (58.5g) were heavier than the brown eggs (55.3g). Storage length did not affect egg weight, but eggs stored at room temperature were 1.4g lighter. Shell quality traits were approximately unchanged by egg colour and storage conditions. Egg colour x storage length and egg colour x storage temperature interactions significantly affected egg weight loss but the interactions did not affect the weight of the eggs and the shell quality traits. Egg colour did not affect the albumen height and Haugh unit significantly but the variables decreased as the storage length was increased. Albumen height under refrigeration was higher (8.0mm) than at room temperature (6.1mm). Egg colour and storage conditions significantly influenced yolk height and yolk weight. Albumen weight decreased as the storage was prolonged but was higher under refrigeration (27.3g) than room temperature (25.6g). Egg yolk was deeper in the brown (5.9) than white (3.4) eggs, deeper in the refrigerated eggs but varied irregularly with storage length. The interactions of egg colour and the storage conditions did not affect albumen height, Haugh unit, albumen weight, yolk weight and yolk colour significantly but yolk height was significantly influenced except for the egg colour x storage length interaction. The storage length x storage temperature interaction significantly affected Yolk pH. Eggs should be kept cold, but not more than 7 days because their quality can be affected under inadequate storage conditions.

]]> egg quality, storage length, storage temperature, egg colour Research Article Thu, 30 Jun 2022 00:00:00 IST Characterization of the morphological, physical and chemical properties of gully eroded soils Characterization of the nature and properties of soils is fundamental to effective land use planning, land allocation and land management. A study was conducted in a gully eroded site at Ugwuoba, in Enugu State-Southeast, Nigeria. The study area runs on a toposequence of about 195m in length and was divided into three units of upslope, midslope and downslope for ease of study. A soil profile was dug 15m away from the upslope to serve as the control. Prior to soil sample collection, the horizons were first delineated. Soil samples were then collected from the soil profile, starting from the bottom horizon. Before soil sample collection from the upslope, midslope and downslope sections of the gully, the gully walls were first cleaned by scraping off the exposed surface to expose the undisturbed underlying layer. The horizons were then delineated and soil samples collected, starting from the bottom horizon. Collected soil samples were analyzed for selected soil properties; data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis and treatment means were separated using Duncan’s post hoc test at 5% probability level. The results obtained showed a colour differentiation that ranged from dark brown, dark yellowish brown, yellow red to dark red with a crumby structure. The textural class of the studied area was predominantly sandy loam. Soil pH was generally acidic. The control, upslope, midslope and downslope had average available phosphorus concentration of 19.48 mg/kg, 18.92 mg/kg, 22.03 mg/kg and 22.08 mg/kg respectively. Average Total Nitrogen concentrations of 1.28%, 0.09%, 0.09%, and 0.11%, were obtained respectively at the control, upslope, midslope and downslope. Soil organic carbon ranged from 0.72%-1.42% at the upslope, 0.78%-1.63% at the midslope and 0.96%-1.17% at the downslope. Effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) of the studied area ranged from 5.95 cmol/kg to 10.02 cmol/kg. Calcium concentration ranged from 3.00 cmol/kg to 4.40 cmol/kg at the control, 2.80 cmol/kg-4.40 cmol/kg at the upslope, 2.80 cmol/kg to 4.00 cmol/kg at the midslope, 3.60 cmol/kg to 5.20 cmol/kg at the downslope. Potassium concentration ranged from 0.08 cmol/kg to 0.14 cmol/kg. Magnesium concentration ranged from 1.20 cmol/kg to 3.20 cmol/kg, Sodium concentration ranged from 0.10 to 0.21. Exchangeable soil acidity of the studied area ranged from 0.80 cmol/kg to 1.60 cmol/kg. Soils of the studied area are classified as Typic Udipsamments and Arenosols according to USDA soil taxonomic system and World Reference Base respectively. The soils can support perennial crops when left under natural vegetation.

]]> arenosols, gully, land use, toposequence, typic udipsamments, Ugwuoba Research Article Thu, 30 Jun 2022 00:00:00 IST The influence of sex and age on growth rate of domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) The experiment was conducted to measure the effect of age and sex on growth traits and their relationships in rabbits. 96 8-weeks-old (male and female) weaned composite rabbits were used in a completely randomized experiment. Data was analysed with the General Linear Model procedure of SAS (version 9.4). Differences between means were separated with the Tukey Comparison Method at 5% probability level. Body weight of the rabbits significantly increased as they grew from week 8 (577.51g) to 2090.51g in the 20th week. Sex had no significant effect on the rabbits’ body weight and post weaning average daily gain (PWADG) but the males were heavier than the females at all ages except the weaning age. There was medium to high positive correlation (r = 0.379 to r = 0.974) between body weights at all ages. The association between body weight and PWADG was negatively low in the younger animals, but the traits however had positive but low to medium correlation from week BW14 to BW20. Body weight of the does had low to high and positive correlations among the different ages. The younger does up to week 12 presented negative relationship between body weight and PWADG but from week 13 to week 20, the duo related positively. Body weight of the bucks had medium (0.455) to high (0.979) positive associations among the ages. Body weight and PWADG had negative correlation in the younger bucks up to week 13 except for week 12 (r = 0.051) but correlated positively in the older females from week 14. Growth rate is faster in younger rabbits than older ones and so younger rabbits must be managed adequately up to week 16 to boost their system for growth and to reach marketable sizes early. Bucks increase in weight faster than the does, and so must be housed separately to avoid bullying. For improved body weight, rabbits should be selected for breeding at a younger age.

]]> rabbits, body weight, sex, age, correlation Research Article Thu, 30 Jun 2022 00:00:00 IST Performance evaluation of maize (Zea mays L.) varieties for growth and yield as influenced by Urea and NPK fertilizers This field experiment was conducted during the 2021 cropping season at the Prince Abubakar Audu University Research and Demonstration farm, Anyigba in the Southern Guinea Savana Agro Ecological Zone of Nigeria to determine the performance of maize varieties under the influence of NPK 20:10:10 and Urea fertilizer application. A Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was used with three replications. The treatment consisted of three NPK 20:10:10 levels (0, 60, 120), Urea (0, 60, 120) and two varieties [Samaz 52 (OPV) and Oba-super-6 (Hybrid)] respectively. Results obtained show that fertilizers application increased growth parameters such as; plant height, days to 1st and 50% flowering. However, Number of leaves/plant, number of spikes/plant and grain weight/cob was not significantly influenced by fertilizer application. There were varietal differences in number of spikes/tassel and threshing %. Oba-super-6 consistently produced taller plants, thicker stems, higher leaf area, more spike/tassels than OPV. Application of NPK 20:10:10 fertilizer at 120kg/ha significantly influence yield and some yield components such as cob length (13.84cm), threshing % (78.61) and final grain yield (4196.30kg/ha), number of grains/cob (355.85), leaf area at 4 and 6WAS (307.21 and 447.28cm) respectively than at the application of 60kg/ha and 0kg/ha. However, application of 120kg N/ha significantly influenced 100-seed weight (29.36). Oba-super-6 out yielded OPV in yield and its components. For the interactions studied, for days to emergence, all factors studied had no significant effect (P ≥ 0.05); for plant height, NPK x V, NPK x N, N x V was significant (P ≤ 0.05), for days to 1st, NPK x N and NPK x N x V was significant (P ≤ 0.05), for days to 50% flowering, NPK x V, N x V and NPK x N x V was significant (P ≤ 0.05). for threshing percent, only NPK x N was significant (P ≤ 0.05); for No. of grains/cob, NPK x N and NPK x N x V was significant (P ≤ 0.05); for 100-seed weight, all factors studied had no significant effect (P ≥ 0.05); for final grain weight, NPK x N and NPK x N x V was significant.

]]> urea, threshing percent, Days to emergence, Final Grain weight, 100-seed weight, variety and interaction, maize Research Article Thu, 30 Jun 2022 00:00:00 IST Growth and yield performances of three maize cultivars (Zea mays L.) as influenced by time of N-fertilizer application The sufficient supply of N-fertilizer in maize crop is imperative for optimum performance. However, timing of application of this nutrient may create variation in yield performances of the crop. A field experiment was conducted during the 2021 raining season to investigate the effect of time of N-fertilizer application on growth and yield of three maize cultivars at Prince Abubakar Audu University Research and Demonstration farm, Anyigba. The experiments which were laid in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) consisted of 9 treatment combination; 3 maize cultivars [(Oba-Super 6 (hybrid), Samaz-52 (OPV) and Local cultivar] and 3 stages of N- fertilizer (3WAS, at tasseling and at silking). Time of N-fertilizer application does not significantly influence (P ≥ 0.05) the number of leaves/plant, plant height at 4 and 6WAS, days to first flowering, days to 50% flowering cob length and number of cobs/plant. However, application of N-fertilizer at 3WAS significantly produced (P ≤ 0.05) higher biomass and application of N-fertilizer at silking stage significantly improved number of seeds produced per cob, 100-seed weight and final grain yield followed by application at tasseling stage. Similarly, Varieties had no significance on the leaf area except the yield and yield components. However, Samaz-52 (OPV) displayed earlier days to first flowering and days to 50% flowering respectively. Oba-super-6 (hybrid) produced significantly higher number of seeds/cob. Samaz-52 (OPV) produced significantly higher grain yield (3398.16 kg/ha) followed by the Local Cultivar (2537.05 kg/ha) and the Oba-Super 6 (hybrid) which recorded the least grain yield (1851.86 kg/ha). Finally, it appears that application of nitrogen at silking stage gave a yield as high as its’ application at 3 weeks after sowing. Therefore, application of N-fertilizer in two split doses (first at 3WAS and top dress at silking stage) is highly recommended for the planting of Samaz-52 (OPV) which appears to be promising in grain yield than Oba super-6 and the local variety.

]]> N-fertilizer, days to first flowering, days to 50% flowering, final grain yield, 100-seed weight, cultivar and interaction Research Article Thu, 30 Jun 2022 00:00:00 IST Multi-environment evaluation of malt sorghum in semi-arid areas of Northeast Ethiopia Multi-environment trials are important to identify desirable genotypes. A field experiment was carried out at four locations for two years to evaluate thirteen malt-sorghum genotypes together with two checks so as to identify stable and high-yielding genotypes. The trial was laid out in a three-time replicated randomized complete block design. Data were collected on seven agronomic and yield-related traits. The results of the combined analyses of variance over years and across locations showed significant (p<0.01) differences among the sorghum genotypes for all the seven traits considered. Both the genotype × location (p<0.05) and genotype × location × year (p<0.01) interactions significantly affected grain yield. The genotype G4 (SDSL89473) gave the highest (4.663 t ha-1) grain yield as compared to the farmers’ variety (3.489 t ha-1). The average-environment coordination view of Genotype main effect plus Genotype-Environment interaction biplot ranked G4 (SDSL89473) as the most desirable (high-yielder and stable) genotype, followed by G7 and G13. Most of the stability statistics including cultivar superiority, mean ranks, mean absolute differences of pairs of ranks and variance of ranks were also identified SDSL89473 as the most stable malt-sorghum genotype. The genotype SDSL89473 could, therefore, be recommended for production in dry low-altitude areas of Northeast Ethiopia. It could also be used as a parent in future malt-sorghum improvement program as a possible parent for crossing.

]]> GGE, malt-sorghum, moisture stress, multi-environment, stability Research Article Thu, 30 Jun 2022 00:00:00 IST Adaptability study and yield performance of food barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) A total of ten food barley varieties were evaluated to study their adaptability and yield performance and the combined analysis showed significant differences (p<0.001). Varieties HB-1966 and EH-1493 showed promising results and preferred among the tested varieties. The combined over locations’ grain yield of the varieties ranged from 1589 to 2689 Kg ha-1, while the range was from 1589 to 4713 Kg ha-1. This shows that how big the effect of the environment is on the yield of the varieties. The highest grain yield was recorded for HB-1966 followed by EH-1493, where the lowest yield was recorded for Harbu variety. The principal component analysis of the varieties studied showed that the first two PCAs accounted for 85.17% of the total variability in grain yield. Genotypes 2, 5 and 7 are located near the concentric circle and are likely to be stable among the varieties studied.

]]> adaptability, food barley, yield, principal component analysis Research Note Thu, 30 Jun 2022 00:00:00 IST Identification of factors that influence farmers’ buying behavior towards tomato seed through factor analysis: a case study in Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh Considering the increasing market space among the all vegetable crops and its profitability nature, farmers used to cultivate tomato crop in their major portion of their available land when comparison to other crops. The study was undertaken in Chittoor district to identify the reasons for farmers to buy specific seed or brand of tomato crop.  Through factor analysis, it was found that the majority of farmers consider the buying factors is the product value factor with highest mean score (3.89), second factor is product image with mean score (3.83) followed by product convenience with mean score of  (3.81), social influence and experiences (3.50). While location and accessibility (3.29) of seed availability, it was also noticed that, after using the brand and once he satisfied from specific brand, farmer will purchase the same brand repeatedly over the years even though its cost is high, anticipating that good returns will cover the cost of cultivation.

]]> tomato, buying, factor analysis, mean score, chittoor district, buying behavior Research Article Thu, 30 Jun 2022 00:00:00 IST Performance evaluation of tef varieties for yield and yield related traits in east Gojam zone of Amhara region Tef is the only cereal cultivated for human consumption in the genus Eragrostis. Compared to other cereal crops tef is resilient and able to withstand adverse weather conditions. The major problems for adaptation of tef are lack of diversified alternative improved varieties adapted to the study area and limited availability of varieties. This study was carried out to recommend best adapted and high yielder tef varieties in the study area. A total of twelve released tef varieties were used in the experiment. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications was used to execute this research activity. The analysis of variance showed that the genotypes differed significantly (p< 0.05) for harvest index, and lodging, and were highly significant (p<0.001) for days to heading, plant height and panicle length. Heritability estimate was moderately high for panicle length followed by plant height and days to 50% heading. Panicle length and plant height showed moderately high heritability with a high genetic advance as a percent of the mean. Grain yield showed a positive and highly significant (P < 0.001) correlation with biomass yield (0.97), lodging index (0.84) and plant height (0.82). To alleviate the limited access of improved tef varieties to study area these selected varieties need to be demonstration and popularized to farmers with their full production package to enhance the productivity of tef crop.

]]> Adaptation, gluten-free, grain yield, lodging index, panicle length, Tef, variability Research Article Thu, 31 Mar 2022 00:00:00 IST The influence of flock age and egg size on egg shape index, hatchability and growth of japanese quail chicks The study assessed the effects of age and egg size on egg shape, egg weight loss, hatchability and growth of Japanese quail. A total of 198 eggs from a breeder flock at 40, 43 and 46 weeks of age were categorised as light, medium and large. Egg shape index was analysed using Histogram with Fit and Groups. Data were subjected to two-way Analysis of Variance using General Linear Model procedure of Minitab (version 18) at 5% Least Significant Difference. Egg weight loss was not different in the younger birds but changed significantly at 46th week on the 6th and 12th days of incubation. Egg weight loss significantly changed between the light and medium-sized eggs. Fertility was significantly affected by egg size. Age and egg size did not change hatchability but significantly affected hatching weight. Chick growth varied significantly at day 14 in eggs collected at week 40. Chick growth significantly increased across the days as egg size increased. The least shape index (77.3%) was recorded in the heavy and medium eggs at 40 and 46 weeks of age. Fertility, hatchability, chick growth and mortality can be affected by age of quails and size of quail eggs.

]]> Japanese quail, flock age, egg size, hatchability, egg shape Research Article Thu, 31 Mar 2022 00:00:00 IST Estimating the genotype by environment interaction among diverse rice genotypes identified under artificial conditions The aim of this study was to estimate the genotype by environment interaction of artificially identified cold tolerant rice genotypes in the highland cooler parts of Uganda. The best twenty three cold tolerant genotypes and two susceptible genotypes were evaluated in seven environments, which were characterized by cold weather. Five by five alpha lattice design with three replications was used in each environment. Analysis of variance revealed significant GEI effect in most of the cold tolerance indicator traits. Leaf wilting score was one of the major measures of cold stress observed on evaluated genotypes and it was chosen for demonstration of AMMI ANOVA and GGE-biplot. AMMI analysis showed there were highly significant environments, genotypes and GEI effects on leaf wilting score. The partitioning of total sum of squares (TSS) revealed that the environment effect was a predominant source of variation followed by GEI and genotype. The first two PCA on GGE-biplot explain 72.72% of the total variation of GEI. In general, rice genotypes SCRID091-20-2-2-4-4, MET P9, MET P40, NERICA 1 and GIZA 177 took short duration to mature, had better yield and were cold tolerant in most of test environments.

]]> Genotype by environment interaction (GEI), rice crop, cold stress Research Article Thu, 31 Mar 2022 00:00:00 IST Studies on weed species, effect of cultural and chemical weed control methods on the growth performances of Allium cepa Allium cepa (Onions) is one of the major vegetables that is consumed all over the world after tomatoes due to is active compounds but weeds infestation during growth phase are the major challenge faced by the farmers which result in a very poor growth and yield of this spice. In this study, the conventional hand weeding practices were compared with weedicide pendimethalin to control different weeds and the morphological characters such as; number, size, height, neck area and fresh weight of the onions bulbs planted at Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Botanical Garden, KSUSTA. Twelve (12) weeds of different family were found and identified from the experimental field namely; Urena lobata, Eragrostis tremula, Amaranthus viridis, Senna occidentalis, Cenchruse chintus, Mitracarpus scaber, Commelina lanata, Zornia latifolia, Cassia tora, Sida cordifolia, Cleome viscosa and Euphorbia thyamifolia. In all, the treatments used cultural, chemical and integrated methods had shown a positive significant effect on weed control and yield of onion. This study revealed that cultural control (hand weeding) is the best method of weed, control as it provides maximum weed control in the tested vegetable as well as higher yield.

]]> Allium cepa, weeds, treatments, hand weeding Research Article Thu, 31 Mar 2022 00:00:00 IST The effect of spacing and high planting density on yield of Eucalyptus globulus Production and marketing of Eucalyptus wood products play a significant poverty alleviation role; as a source of regular income and construction materials in turn improving the livelihoods of the rural community in Ethiopia. The study was conducted in Sidama region (Gorche district), South Central Ethiopia. The aim of study was to see the effect of spacing regimes (selected from the most common spacing practices in community) on yield of Eucalyptus globulus woodlots. Twenty five sample household’s woodlot from each spacing regime with a total of 100 woodlot plantations were sampled from two kebeles. Measurements of all DBH and height of standing E. globulus woodlot tree were made. Yield was significantly affected by the initial spacing regimes. With decreasing spacing, mean volume per tree was decreasing while volume per hectare was increasing. Within  1m x 0.75m, 0.75m x 0.5m, 0.5 x 0.5m and 0.5m x 0.25m spacing regimes,  0.031, 0.024, 0.0185 and 0.0116 m3/tree and 407.75, 637.82, 737.35 and 930.07m3/ ha mean volume of woodlot respectively were recorded. A one-way ANOVA revealed that there were a significant difference within; Volume, DBH and height of all spacing regimes. Local construction material /Seregela, Kuami, Weraji, Korkoro mager were the most common assortment poles depending on diameter and height. The study further revealed that highest number of biggest sized diameter construction pole were found from lower density planting, (1m x 0.75m) and the highest number of construction pole assortment were found from closer spacing (0.5m x 0.25m). In conclusion, spacing regimes had seriously affected yield of E. globulus woodlots. Finally, woodlot growers’ preference for different spacing regimes primarily depends on obtaining better final yield. And 1m x 0.7m and 0.75m x 0.5m spacing was found better in terms of providing proportional pole sizes of each assortment types.

]]> assortment, E. globulus, ethiopia, income, soil nutrient, Spacing regime, woodlots Research Article Thu, 31 Mar 2022 00:00:00 IST Assessment of possibilities to establish model agricultural technology village in Southern Ethiopia The available technology demonstration approaches like farmers' training centers in the region are very narrow with lots of technology deficiency, less capacity, placed in inconvenience niches, and poor setup. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the possibilities to establish a model technology village in the Agricultural Growth Program implementing districts of the South Omo zone. The multi-stage sampling procedure was employed to select six sample kebeles. Data for the study were collected from 279 randomly selected households. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics and a narrative approach. The major crop technologies identified were improved variety, inorganic fertilizer, seed rate, and spacing. Major livestock technologies identified were improved cattle, shoat, poultry, and forage types. Major natural resource management technologies identified were soil and water conservation, soil fertility management, and agroforestry practices. About 54%, 84.2%, and 57.7% of sample respondents from Semen Ari, Debub Ari, and Bena-Tsemay districts know the existing technology demonstration approaches such as farmers' training center, model farmer-based, and pre-extension demonstration approaches respectively.  However, all types of agricultural technologies demonstration approaches and farmers' demands were not being taught, introduced, and demonstrated. Therefore, it can be concluded that establishing a model agricultural technology village on selected kebele based on farmers/agro pastoralists' demand for the crop, livestock, and natural resource management technologies could improve the productivity of smallholder farmers/agro-pastoralists.

]]> crop, livestock, natural resource management, technology village Research Article Thu, 31 Mar 2022 00:00:00 IST Effect of seaweed fertilizer on growth and photosynthetic characteristic of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) The seaweed is one of the important growth promoting hormonal effects on crop plants which has been proven for many decades.  Some of the plant hormones have been recorded in seaweeds such as IAA, IBA and cytokinins along with minerals and vitamins. Seaweed liquid fertilizer has been shown to have a wide range of beneficial impacts. In the present study, the effect of different concentrations of (SLF 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0%) and (SLF + CF 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0%) Seed germination, photosynthetic pigments, fresh and dry weight, and shoot and root length were all measured on a treated groundnut plant. The results found a gradual increase of seedling growth and photosynthetic pigments at increasing concentrations, however, higher concentrations 1.0 and 1.2 per cent were decreasing trends in groundnut plants.

]]> seaweeds, ground nut, hormonal effect, morphological characteristics Research Article Thu, 31 Mar 2022 00:00:00 IST Niger improvement and production in Ethiopia: progress and major challenges Niger crop is one of the under-utilized oil crops, but very crucial in Ethiopian diets and export system. Despite its importance, many problems have to be addressed through research. Starting from the beginning when a multidisciplinary approach of niger breeding started during the late 1960s century, some efforts have been made to overcome the major limitations of niger production and productivity in Ethiopia. However, there is a minimum application of modern breeding, and many challenges persist. The major challenges that face the niger breeding and production in Ethiopia are the nature of the crop (self-incompatibility), lodging and shattering, low yielding potential, susceptibility to pests, poor agronomic practices, less attention, and low inputs and modern farm technology. These challenges are retarding the breeding and also the production system of the niger. To make niger research more impactful on these challenges, exploiting and the use of novel research techniques which may include gene identification and transformation are very important. Moreover, genomic assisted breeding holds tremendous potential for improving productivity and provides better information for the breeding of niger. This review was provided with a brief explanation of the status of niger breeding and biotechnology aspects and the major challenges facing niger research and production in Ethiopia. Besides, the gap of research was forwarded in this document.

]]> nigerseed, breeding of nigerseed, biotechnology of nigerseed, self-incompatibility Review Article Thu, 31 Mar 2022 00:00:00 IST Phytochemical and proximate compositions of Annona senegalensis flower Macro and micronutrients plays a vital role in many metabolic and physiological activities of human body including synthesis of enzymes, monitored growths, and boosts immune and reproductive systems. The Annona senegalensis flowers were obtained from Zuru and Aliero L.G.As farms and subjected to phytochemical and proximate screening using Association of official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) methods. From the results obtained, phytochemical screening shows the presences of flavonoid, saponin, glycosides, alkaloids, cardiac glycoside, steroids and volatile oil while tannins, balsams and anthraquinnes were not detected. The proximate composition revealed the presences of carbohydrate (76.96 ± 0.34), crude protein (8.37 ± 013), moisture contents (7.67 ± 0.76), ash (7.33 ± 0.29), lipid (4.17 ± 0.29) and fiber (3.17) with different values contents. While the results of minerals analyzed showed that, potassium 38.00 ± 1.00 and sodium 36.33 ± 1.53 had the highest values followed by magnesium 3.77 ± 0.15, nitrogen 1.34 ± 0.02, calcium 1.23 ± 0.12 and phosphorus with less value of 1.34 ± 0.02. All these values obtained showed significant increase in micro and macronutrients contents of Annona senegalensis flowers at P>0.05. It was concluded that, Annona senegalensis flowers contains some important elements that have the ability to improve human body, boost food security, foster rural development and support sustainable land care and improve on socioeconomic development in the research areas and Kebbi state when properly utilized.

]]> Annona senegalensis, flowers, phytochemical, nutrients Research Note Thu, 31 Mar 2022 00:00:00 IST Influence of farm yard manure and N-levels on the growth, yield characters and yield of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Field experiment was conducted at the Kogi State University Research and Demonstration Farm Anyigba, (Lat 7° 291 and Long 70 111E). Anyigba lies in the Guinea Savanna Agro-ecological Zone. This experiment was conducted during the raining season of 2021 to evaluate the effect of Farm Yard Manure and Nitrogen levels on the growth, yield characters and seed yield of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). Treatments consisted of three levels of Farm Yard Manure (0 t ha-1, 5 t ha-1, 10 tonsha-1and 15 t ha-1) respectively and Nitrogen fertilizer rates (0 tons Nha-1, 0.02 t N ha-1, 0.04 t N ha-1and 0.06 t N ha-1) respectively. Factorial combination of treatments gave a total number of 16 treatments which was laid in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. 48 plots were obtained in total. Results showed that application of Farm Yard Manure did not influence (p≥0.05) all parameters studied in the experiment except dry weight/plant, plant height and seed yield/ha. Nitrogen application significantly influenced (p≤0.05) plant height and seed yield only. There was no significant interaction observed between Farm Yard Manure and Nitrogen levels in all parameters studied

]]> farm yard manure, interaction, nitrogen, sesame, yield Research Note Thu, 31 Mar 2022 00:00:00 IST Colocasia (Colocasia esculenta L.) in Northeast India Northeast India is rich in genetic diversity of horticultural crops and colocasia is one of the important crops. This region is rich in colocasia diversity for both cultivated and wild species particularly in jhum fields, homestead gardens, near water bodies, river banks, forests and road sides. Wide range of variability is observed in vegetative characters, corm and cormel characters, yield and quality characters.  It is cultivated in jhum field as a mixed crop along with paddy and other crops like ginger, chilli, maize, turmeric etc. and in homestead garden, it is cultivated along with maize, cucurbits, chilli, King chilli, etc. The nutrient rich and gluten free tuber crop is an integral part of traditional cuisines of ethnic people of this region. All the plant parts of this ariod member are edible. Several traditional dishes have been prepared from leaves, petioles and tubers. The leaves, petioles and damaged tubers are also fed to pig and poultry. Recent past, the genetic diversity of colocasia is under threat due to urbanization, climate change, introduction of new crops, and pest and diseases and resulted in genetic erosion. The conservation of these vast gene pool is necessary.

]]> colocasia, botany, genetic variability, nutritive value Mini-Review Thu, 31 Mar 2022 00:00:00 IST Effect of different types of bags and timing of bagging on quality of Mango grown in Chittagong hill tracts of Bangladesh The study was carried out to determine the bagging time and quality of mango fruits using various bagging materials in Chittagong hill tracts areas of Bangladesh from April to July 2018. Treatments were bagged with brown paper bag (T1), white paper bag (T2), transparent polyethylene bag. (T3) and control (T4). The results showed that among all treatments, the brown paper bag gave the best performance for all parameters after 35 days, while without the bagging it gave poorer results. To increase the fruit quality in terms of fruit color change (green-yellow and green-yellow), fruit length (8.81 cm and 14.30 cm), fruit diameter (6.39cm and 16.39cm), fruit weight (229.10g and 585.95g), TSS (22.33% and 21.85%) and marketable yield (20.41 t / ha and 23.52 t / ha) in BARI Aam 3 and BARI Aam 4. Finally, it can be concluded that the results of this experiment in terms on bagging time and bagging of fruits in mango are very effective in improving fruit quality. So, brown paper treatment is recommended for mango traders and growers as it is easy and cost-effective for small organic growers who want to sell high quality healthy fruit in the market, also as environmentally friendly technology. This has a positive impact on BARI Aam 3 and BARI Aam 4. However, researchers continue to study the bagging techniques using standard bagging time and bagging material.

]]> bagging time, bagging types, fruit quality, mango, hill tracts Research Article Fri, 31 Dec 2021 00:00:00 IST Assessing, evaluation and demonstration of highland indigenous fodder tree and shrub species in Debub Ari district, Southern Ethiopia Feed shortage is the major limiting factor in the tropics during the dry season, particularly in Ethiopia. This study was designed to assess indigenous fodder tree/shrub species and evaluate the nutritional quality, which can easily be found during the dry season. A multistage sampling procedure was employed to conduct the present study. Group discussion, key informant interviews, and questioners were tools used to collect primary and secondary data. Leaf samples of fodder tree/shrub species were collected, dried, ground, packed, and send to the laboratory for nutritive value analysis. In the wet season, the feed source is green grass whereas leaf biomass of trees/shrubs, crop residue/straw, and cuttings of Enset with other additive concentrate are used as an alternative feed source during the dry period. The present study result revealed that Milletia ferruginea, Vernonia amygdalina, Hygenia abysinica, Terminalia laxiflora, Ficus sure, and Musa species were most ranked and have good nutritional quality. These species are taken the concentration of farmers because of their availability during the dry season to sustain livestock production. Based on the result in the study area , livestock feed is a main factor in the dry season, at the same time there are enough feed sources with higher nutritional value but not similarly well known by all farm households. Therefore, indigenous fodder trees/shrubs are recommended as suitable sources of feed during the dry period, and integrating into different agroforestry practices and management options should be designed to provide sustainable feed for livestock production.

]]> agroforestry, fodder species, land use type, leaf analysis, production components Research Article Fri, 31 Dec 2021 00:00:00 IST Determination of Rates of NPSB Blended Fertilizer for Better Production of Maize in Debub Ari District, Southern Ethiopia In many developing countries mining plant nutrients by crop removal without adequate replenishment combined with imbalance plant nutrition practices, poses a serious threat to agricultural production. A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive years (2017 to 2018) to observe the response of maize to different rates of NPSB fertilizer. The experiment comprises of five treatments: control (no fertilizer), 150 kg NPSB + 41 kg urea (46N, 54P2O5, 10S, 1.07B), 200kg NPSB + 72kg urea (69N, 72P2O5, 13.5S, 1.4B), 250kg NPSB 102 kg urea (92N, 90P2O5, 17S, 1.75B), and 100kg NPSB + 260kg urea (138N, 36P2O5, 6.7S, 0.71B) were tested using randomized complete block design with three replications. The initial soil physical and chemical analysis indicated that the study area is generally characterized as medium in soil fertility and moderately acidic. The analyzed soil data after harvesting showed that the application of blended fertilizer rates numerically increased the total nitrogen and available sulfur in the soil. However, some nutrients like available P, K, and B become decreased numerically in the soil after harvesting. The result showed that there were significant differences (p<0.05) between treatment. The application of different levels of NPSB fertilizer significantly influenced maize grain yield but there were no significant difference on plant height and biomass yield of maize. 65 to 117% grain yield improvements over control was obtained by application of different rates of NPSB. The highest grain yield of maize was recorded from 100kg NPSB + 260kg urea (138N, 36P2O5, 6.7S, 0.71B) application of the highest net benefit (ET Birr 24226.7) and MRR% (699.1) was also obtained by application of 100kg NPSB + 260kg urea (138N, 36P2O5, 6.7S, 0.71B). It is then recommended that to improve maize yield at Debub Ari and similar agro ecology and soil condition areas application of 100kg NPSB + 260kg urea ha-1 (138N, 36P2O5, 6.7S, 0.71B) is recommended.

]]> maize yield, blended fertilizer, NPSB, economic benefit Research Article Fri, 31 Dec 2021 00:00:00 IST Source-sink manipulation influences the grain-filling characteristics associated with the grain weight of rice Source-sink and translocation capacity of assimilate can plays an important role during the grain formation. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of source-sink manipulation on grain weight of rice using two rice varieties viz. BRRI dhan49 and Balam. Seven treatments were employed in the experiment and analyzed the data by randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Considering yield and yield contributing characters, BRRI dhan49 performed better than Balam. The grain weight of BRRI dhan49 was increased when the half spikelets were removed. Manipulation on grains number which had strong effects on grain yield might be the main reason causing the lower grain yield. However, the individual grain weight increased in the 25% and 50% spikelet removal in between two rice varieties. When 50% or full flag leaves were removed, the grain size and percentage of filled grain were drastically reduced, resulting the ultimate lower yield. Moreover, the results suggested that the grain yield of BRRI dhan49 and Balam were limited by the sink activity, more than source capacity.

]]> source-sink, manipulation, rice grain-filling, grain weight Research Article Fri, 31 Dec 2021 00:00:00 IST Evaluation of forage pea (Pisum sativum L.) genotypes in middle hill and Terai ecologies of Nepal Forage pea is a new crop for Nepali farming systems where searching for alternate winter forage legumes with better herbage and seed yield is one of the prioritized approaches to mitigate the severe nutrient deficit of the ruminants. In order to select the superior pea cultivar(s) for the promising and potential winter forage legume crop, the study was conducted for two consecutive years at three locations. The experiments were conducted at a location of middle hill (Lalitpur district) and at two locations of Terai (Banke and Sunsari districts). A total of five cultivars of pea (Banke local, Arkel, Journey, PRL88054-46 and PRL H3-2) were compared as the treatments for herbage and seed production. The experiments were executed in a Split-split plot design where pea cultivars were used in the Sub-sub-plots. The results of the study had revealed that the year effect, location effect and cultivar effect were significant. The cultivar Banke local at Banke district, Banke local, Journey and PRL H3-2 at Sunsari district and Banke local, PRL 88054-46 and PRL H3-2 at Lalitpur district had shown better herbage dry matter (DM) yield. Likewise, the Banke local had shown better seed yield at middle hill ecology whereas Banke local, Arkel and Journey were better for Terai ecology. The cultivar Banke local had produced better herbage as well as seed yield in middle hill and Terai ecologies.

]]> cultivar, herbage dry matter, number of branches, plant height, seed yield Research Article Fri, 31 Dec 2021 00:00:00 IST Evaluation of blended fertilizer type on improving the productivity of onion (Allium cepa L.) in Bena Tsemay district, Southwestern Ethiopia Depleting of soil fertility, inappropriate and imbalanced fertilizer application including different blended fertilizers are among the most important factors that reduce the productivity of onion. Therefore, the study was conducted to evaluate the blended fertilizer type effect on improving the productivity of onion in Bena Tsemay District, Southwestern Ethiopia. The study was conducted in the 2018 and 2019 cropping season and laid out in RCBD following three replications with spacing of 10cm and 20cm between plants and rows respectively. Control, (38N + 46P2O5) kg ha-1, (182NPS+125Urea) kg ha-1, (191NPSB+125Urea) kg ha-1 and (204NPSZnB+125Urea) kg ha-1 treatments were used for the experiment. The full dose of blended and P fertilizers was applied at planting time and urea was applied in two splits. The result was revealed that application of 191 kg ha-1 NPS+125 kg ha-1 Urea resulted in the highest total (30590.28 kg ha-1) and marketable (28079 kg ha-1) bulb yield, while the lowest total (18043.98 kg ha-1) and marketable (15278 kg ha-1) bulb yield were recorded from the nil. Moreover, the highest net benefits of 425585.8 ETB ha-1 and economic returns of 1119.76% were obtained in response to the application of 191 kg ha-1NPSB+125 kg ha-1 Urea. Application of 191 kg ha-1NPSB + 125 kg ha-1 Urea gives 45.59% yield increment and 43.46% increment in economic return over the control. Therefore, the application of 191 kg ha-1 NPSB+125 kg ha-1Urea was recommended for the study area and similar agro-ecologies. Further investigation should be done on plant nutrient uptake and nutrient use efficiency and bulb chemical composition.

]]> blended fertilizer, economic return, productivity, soil fertility Research Article Fri, 31 Dec 2021 00:00:00 IST Participatory varietal selection of malt barley (Hordeum distichon L.) genotypes Ten malt barley genotypes were evaluated in randomized complete block design with three replications under farmers’ participatory selection scheme at four locations in western Shoa, Central Ethiopia during 2019 main cropping season. The objectives of this experiment were to select superior malt barley varieties in the study area and to identify farmers’ preference and selection criteria. Farmers’ set; number of kernels per spike, tillers per plant and plumpness as selection criteria at maturity stage of the crop. The results of the combined analysis of variance indicated highly significant differences among genotypes for all traits tested at 1% probability level. The GXE interaction also showed highly significant differences for all characters at 1% probability level, except grain yield which was significant at 5% probability level. The highest mean grain yield was obtained from the genotype HB-1963 (3528 Kg ha-1) whereas the lowest from the variety Sabini (2057 Kg ha-1). Farmers’ evaluation of direct matrix ranking showed HB-1963 (score 40) and IBON-174/03 (score 32) were the most preferred genotypes and Traveller (score 16) the least one. Therefore, the genotypes HB-1963 and IBON-174/03 were chosen for their performance in the experimental field and also acceptable from farmers' participatory evaluation. Thus, based on the results of this study and previous information from the evaluation of the varieties, the selected varieties need to be popularized, multiplied and distributed to farmers.

]]> participatory, malt barley, tillers per plant, kernels per spike Research Article Fri, 31 Dec 2021 00:00:00 IST Foliar application of micronutrients on gladiolus plants Growth, quality and yield of gladiolus plants are directly influenced by foliar application of micronutrients and play important role in changing vegetative and reproductive characters. Foliar application reduces the nutrient use efficiency and environmental pollution. During the development of bud stage, application of micronutrients combination performs better and a significant characteristic of nutrients improves the quality, shelf life of flowers and corm production. Keeping this in observation, micronutrients on the growth, quality and yield of gladiolus plant are study and reviewed in this paper.Growth, quality and yield of gladiolus plants are directly influenced by foliar application of micronutrients and play important role in changing vegetative and reproductive characters. Foliar application reduces the nutrient use efficiency and environmental pollution. During the development of bud stage, application of micronutrients combination performs better and a significant characteristic of nutrients improves the quality, shelf life of flowers and corm production. Keeping this in observation, micronutrients on the growth, quality and yield of gladiolus plant are study and reviewed in this paper.

]]> gladiolus, micronutrients, growth, quality, yield Mini-Review Thu, 30 Sep 2021 00:00:00 IST Effects of various metal ions on the growth of some phytopathogenic and biological control fungi Metal ions are among important environmental factors that influence various aspects of fungal biology and the knowledge on these effects can be applied in integrated plant disease management and mycotechnology. Therefore, in this study the fungal growth on potato dextrose agar, Czapek'sdox agar (CDA, containing FeSO4), and its derivatives made via the replacement of FeSO4 with either of CaSO4, K2SO4, MnSO4, Na2SO4, and ZnSO4 was studied under incubation conditions of 25°C and darkness. The mycelial growth of three biological control (Trichoderma hamatum, T. harzianum, and T. longibrachiatum) and three plant pathogenic (Ceratocystis radicicola, Fusarium oxysporum, and Macrophomina phaseolina) were measured 48h and 72h after inoculation. T. longibrachiatum exhibited the highest mycelial growth and PDA supported the fastest and the highest mycelial growth of most tested fungi. Interestingly, ZnSO4 led to the highest growth of all Trichoderma species, while most of the pathogenic fungi grow well on the media with K2SO4 or Na2SO4.

]]> Ceratocystis, Fusarium, Macrophomina, nutrient, Trichoderma Research Article Thu, 30 Sep 2021 00:00:00 IST On-farm assessment of productivity of improved varieties of wheat Genetic material developed and improved are tested through a number of on-station trials, but are finally targeted for the farmers’ fields where the actual crop production takes place to feed the population of a country. Afghanistan needs to increase wheat production to support its domestic need of wheat consumption, reduce its imports and enhance the exports. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of the improved varieties of wheat in the target domain in Afghanistan. The improved varieties with a package of practice were implemented in farmers’ field through demonstration plots. A total of 223 farmers’ fields were included in the trials implemented in eight districts in East Central Zone. Across all the locations, the improved varieties showed substantial increase of yield over local variety in range of 53-86% and yield stability across the locations. Consequently, the wide use of improved varieties with package of practice can result considerable gain to farmers to harvest more yield which motivated farmer to accelerate variety replacement up 100% and other hand, this increase will positively recover farmers economic status. As whole, increase in the yield would be contributed to meet current need of the country in wheat and improve the food security.

]]> on-farm trials, wheat, improved genotypes, food security, productivity risks, GGE bi-plot Research Article Thu, 30 Sep 2021 00:00:00 IST Standard heterosis in quality protein maize hybrids Maize as the main staple food, development of maize cultivars with enhanced levels of two essential amino acids such as lysine and tryptophan are a must. Most of the improved maize varieties released so far for commercial production are poor  sources of quality protein since normal maize protein is deficient in two essential amino acids which are lysine and tryptophan. Developing quality protein maize (QPM) hybrids is therefore important to improve the human health. Determining the standard heterosis of QPM hybrids is an essential step to facilitate the development of QPM hybrids and their commercialization. This study was conducted to estimate standard heterosis of fifteen single-cross QPM hybrids. The crosses were made in a 6x6 half diallel mating design which produced fifteen F1 single crosses. These single crosses along with three standard checks were evaluated for their grain yield and other traits, using alpha lattice design with three replications. L3xL4 gave the highest standard heterosis for grain yield over the best check BH546 (13.08%) and mean of the three checks, BH546, BH547 and BHQ548 (35.26%). L3xL6 and L4xL6 had also higher magnitude of standard heterosis over the checks. Thus, these hybrids can potentially be proposed for commercialization, and the breeding values of their parents can be exploited for QPM breeding.

]]> grain yield, half-diallel, normal maize, quality protein maize, standard heterosis Research Article Thu, 30 Sep 2021 00:00:00 IST Upland rice variety development for Ethiopia Productivity of rice in Ethiopia is increasing with consistent deployment of new improved varieties into production. However, the productivity levels attained in both research managed fields as well as farmers’ fields are low compared to world average. This makes variety development critical. In an effort to develop upland rice variety, two independent pipelines were set. One was targeting the upland & high elevation environments, while the other one the typical upland. Both pipelines followed the established variety development and evaluation procedures of the research system in the country. Single site analysis was used for preliminary variety trials to promote promising genotypes to the national variety trials. Multi-environment analysis was employed to select candidate genotypes to be verified and for possible approval by the National Variety Releasing Committee (NVRC).  In both sets, promising genotypes were identified at the preliminary variety trials and promoted to national variety trials. Results of the upland national variety trial showed that two genotypes (ART16-5-9-22-2-1-1-B-1-2 and ART16-9-33-2-1-1-1-B-1-2) found promising and promoted to verification and approval. These candidates outsmarted the standard check in terms of high grain yield, earliness and larger grain size. ART16-5-9-22-2-1-1-B-1-2 has been approved and registered by the NVRC and named Azmera as vernacular name. It showed more than 10% yield advantage compared to the standard check.  Azmera is an improved variety profiled with high grain yield, earliness, larger grain size and white caryopsis. It is recommended to be produced in lower altitude and high temperature areas such Pawe, Assosa, Metema and similar agro-ecologies.

]]> azmera, high elevation, rice, upland, variety Research Article Thu, 30 Sep 2021 00:00:00 IST Stability analysis of lowland rice genotypes in rain-fed environments of Northwest Ethiopia Seventeen medium-maturing lowland rice genotypes along with a check variety were raised in a randomized complete block design of three replications and assessed for yield stability and performance under rain fed lowland conditions at Woreta, Pawe, Maitsebri, Jimma and Assosa. AMMI analysis of variance indicated that environments, genotypes and their interaction accounted for 43.06%, 12.03% and 22.04% of the total sum of squares (SS) for grain yield, respectively. The first four interaction principal component axes were significant and together explained 85.8% of interactions SS. Averaged over environments, genotype G16 had the highest yield of 6.56 t ha-1 , G2 (6.32 t ha-1), G6 (5.49 t ha-1) and G7 (5.49 t ha-). Genotypes G5, G6, G7, G14 and G16 had lower AMMI stability value and yield stability index. In AMMI 1 and AMMI 2 biplots G6, G7 and G16 were found to be high yielding and stable while G2 was less stable but high yielding. Thus, genotypes G2, G6 and G16 were considered as candidate varieties and verified, out of which G16 was approved for release by the name ‘Abay’. Genotypes G2, G6, and G7can be used as potential parent materials in rice breeding program.

]]> lowland rice, GE interaction, AMMI analysis, grain yield Research Article Thu, 30 Sep 2021 00:00:00 IST Generation mean analysis in finger millet (Eleusine coracana L. Gaertn) The choice of an efficient breeding procedure depends to a large extent on knowledge of the genetic system controlling the character to be selected. The objective of this study was to determine finger millet yield and yield components inheritance type and maternal effect existence and magnitude with analysis of generation mean. Ten generations (P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1 and BC2) and reciprocals (RF1, RF2, RBC1 and RBC2) developed from improved variety “Necho” x landrace “Tikur dagusa” cross. The results showed that, the presence of genetic variation for all traits. No significant differences were found for all the characters studied between F1, F2, BC1 and BC2 with their corresponding reciprocal generations; which indicating the absence of maternal effect. The scaling test and six parameter model predominantly self-pollinated crops like finger millet additive component of gene action are more useful for breeders for successful exploitation in the selection programme, by corresponding with additive x additive type of interaction effects and complementary type of epistasis. Hence, the types of inheritance found in the studied traits were both additive and non-additive gene effects. This suggest recurrent selection breeding method at early and later generations for the possibility of developing pure line and hybrid varieties of finger millet.

]]> gene actions, reciprocal cross, scaling test, six generation Research Article Thu, 30 Sep 2021 00:00:00 IST Evaluation of blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) genotypes in mid hill regions of Nepal Twelve blackgram genotypes were assessed for grain yield and its attributing traits at National Plant Breeding and Genetics Research Centre, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal in summer season of 2017-2018. The genotypes were sown in randomized complete block design with three replications. Plot size was 4x2.4 m2 with a spacing of 20x50 cm. The traits like plant height, early plant stand/m2, days to flowering, days to maturity, final plant stand /m2, pods/plant, unfilled pods/plant and grain yield were recorded. The two years combined results showed non-significant differences among genotypes for all the characters except 100 seed weight. Based on average yield performance, genotypes BLG0036-1, Shekhar-1 and BLG0066-1-1 performed better than the others and they were considered as pipeline varieties for further evaluation.

]]> blackgram, grain yield, genotypes evaluation, mid hill Research Note Thu, 30 Sep 2021 00:00:00 IST Emerging plant virus disease: the case of maize yellow mosaic virus A group of plant viruses and individual viruses have emerged as major threats to crop production worldwide. Emergent plant viruses are often mediated via an insect vector and with increasing global trade. Also, the emergence of a virus in a new geographical area may be initiated by the introduction of infected plant materials (propagative materials or seeds). The novel virus, named Maize yellow mosaic virus (MaYMV) consists potentially in a new constraint to maize production worldwide. MaYMV epidemics are multi-component systems resulting from interactions among the viruses, vectors and host plants. MaYMV was transmitted by corn leaf aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis, but not mechanically. In addition to maize, MaYMV was harbored by alternative hosts such as sugarcane, itch grass sugarcane, Panicum miliaceum, and Sorghum bicolor. Knowledge of the ways in which a virus maintains itself in the absence of a living host and spreads in the field is essential for the development of effective management measures. More research is needed to assess MaYMV in weeds and wild hosts, whether transmitted through seeds and the relative abilities of different aphid species to transmit MaYMV within and between different grass species to know the virus ecology and infection pathway to maize, to aid the development of an effective integrated disease management tactic.

]]> alternative host, distribution, emerging virus, symptoms, transmission Review Article Thu, 30 Sep 2021 00:00:00 IST Physio-biochemical and molecular perspectives of TRIA-mediated growth responses in plants Triacontanol (TRIA) is a pivotal endogenous plant growth regulator with effective metabolic activator found in plant epicuticular waxes and in beewaxes as the palmitate ester. It is a non-toxic, pollution-free, low-cost, high-efficiency, broad-spectrum plant growth regulator.  It was found after a series of experiment that TRIA plays a significant role in promoting the growth and yields of corn, rice, wheat, tomato, carrot, cucumber, lettuce, soybean, potato, peanuts, chilli pepper, cotton and ornamental plants like rose etc. TRIA causes rapid responses in enhancing growth of the crop and the growth in rice, tomato and maize about 20% is enhanced by this treatment. The response is very rapid, an increased growth within 10 minutes. It is very much insoluble in water and is applied as foliage on the leaf at a very low concentration i.e.0.01mg/litre. However, further investigations are necessary to elucidate the possible role of TRIA on plant growth regulation, physio-biochemical as well as molecular activities and secondary metabolite biosynthesis in plants subjected to various biotic and abiotic stresses. The present review covers the pivotal role of TRIA in plant growth regulation, their mode of action and significance in improving the plant productivity and quality of both agricultural as well horticultural crops.

]]> Tricontanol (TRIA), growth regulation, yield, biochemical, molecular responses Review Article Thu, 30 Sep 2021 00:00:00 IST Current and future potential distribution, risk and management of Spodoptera frugiperda The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda is notorious pest that challenge worldwide particularly tropical and sub-tropics. Currently, beyond its native continent, it invaded most African and Asian countries. Based on several researchers’ pest risk prediction, this pest has potential to colonize remaining world. The biological traits accompanied with geo-ecological diversity of continents have been complicated global distribution that currently impedes human intervention. Currently, fall armyworm management approaches are varying among countries. In America, various management options including advanced technology have been developed to minimize fall armyworm risk. In Africa, even though various attempts have been made, still now, no concrete management options have been developed due to lack of adequate information on bioecology of this pest. Therefore, future researches need to focus on base line information on pest bio- ecological interaction, simulating distribution pathway, introducing and adapting available technology from native countries is very important. In addition, scattered effort and research output made in African and Asia countries need to be pooled together to help resource poor farmers.

]]> fall armyworm, potential distribution, management risk, Spodoptera frugiperda Review Article Thu, 30 Sep 2021 00:00:00 IST Improvement of Eragrostis tef for lodging resistance Tef is largely grown in Ethiopia and plays a vital role in food security. However, its production and productivity are adversely affected by various factors; among these lodging is the major one. It affects yield and deteriorates the quality of grain and straw. The risk of lodging is determined by environmental factors, inputs, plant architecture, and stem composition. The strength of the culm internode is enhanced by nutrients like silicon, potassium, and phosphorus. However, the high nitrogen application makes the low strength of the base and increases the upper vegetative parts resulting in high lodging. Besides, chemical compositions like lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, and carbohydrates have a positive effect on stem strength and helpful in improving lodging. Moreover, comprehensive investigations that combine conventional and molecular breeding and study on tef anatomical, morphological and chemical compositions are useful to improve tef lodging resistance.

]]> tef lodging, stem strength, biochemical, silicon, nutrients Review Article Thu, 30 Sep 2021 00:00:00 IST Moringa oleifera based agroforestry system in carbon sequestration The agroforestry system represents a significant part of the environmental improvement in Niger. It contributes to food security and is a source of income for many households in this country. This study assessed the contribution of the agroforestry system based on Moringa oleifera Lam. to ecological resilience, particularly in terms of carbon sequestration in the urban commune of Tibiri-Gobir. There are many different cropping associations using moringa, depending on the farmer's objective. Thus, about ten moringa-based agroforestry practices have been identified in this area. In addition, this moringa-based agroforestry system contributes significantly to ecological resilience through carbon sequestration. Its growth capacity and root system now allow for the storage of a large amount of carbon in the soil and thus reduce the negative effects of climate change. In order to quantify the carbon sequestered by this system, the destructive method was applied to a sample of 30 moringa plants collected from 6 sites along the valley of Goulbi Maradi. Finally, local allometric models were developed to estimate the dry biomass of trees and their capacity to store carbon. Thus, a moringa-based agroforestry system can store up to 1.7tonne/ha of carbon in a monoculture and 0.54 tonne/ha in Mixed cropping.

]]> Moringa oleifera, climate change, agroforestry, carbon sequestration, allometric equation Research Article Thu, 30 Sep 2021 00:00:00 IST Weeds control through allelopathic extracts from different plants Increasing costs in the agricultural sectors is nowadays with the use of herbicides on weeds control that need to use non chemical methods to reduce the environmental impact of chemical herbicide, insecticides and weedicide to prevent weed resistance, use of allelochemical natural herbicide for weed control to reduce the costs. In integrated weed management programs allelopathic chemicals as an alternative for weeds control. These chemicals inhibit the weeds growth and as a weapon to be used against these unwanted plants. Allelopathic crops species relationship, genetic diversity is very extreme and genetic control of these compounds to be seems. The main aims of this review paper are to find out the efficient allelopathic nonchemical control of weeds from crops and best way of controlling the noxious weeds with these plants extract.

]]> allelopathic, chemicals, crops, weeds, weed control, environment, herbicide, plant extract Mini-Review Thu, 30 Sep 2021 00:00:00 IST Citrus rootstock characterization against citrus canker and evaluation of antibiotics effect against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri Citrus canker (X. axonopodis pv. citri) widespread bacterial disease which limits citrus productivity and causes quality deterioration. Citrus canker is mostly a leaf-spotting and fruit rind-blemishing disease, but under highly favorable conditions, infections cause defoliation, shoot dieback, and fruit drop. Citrus rootstocks exert a high degree of influence to scions in fruit production and plant susceptibility to diseases including citrus canker. Keeping in view the importance of citrus rootstock present study was planned to evaluate the performance of citrus rootstocks against citrus canker and antibiotics response to control X. axonopodis pv. citri. Eleven exotic citrus rootstocks were selected to evaluate against canker which was inoculated by grafting. Disease index was observed after 9 months of inoculation. Five different commercially available antibiotics were selected for the Invitro treatment, applied at 300, 400 and 500ppm. Inhibition zone was observed at four time points (24, 48, 72 and 96 hours). Kirumakki showed maximum resistance followed by Rangpur Poona nucellar and X639 while Rough lemon was highly susceptible. In Invitro evaluation maximum inhibition zone was expressed by Kanamycin sulphate at 500 ppm followed by Streptomycin sulphate. Lincomycin showed minimum inhibition zone as compared with control (Distilled water, No inhibition). Biochemical analysis exhibited that the disease index (%) decrease with increase of total phenolics contents and total protein contents. Whereas disease index had increasing trend with TSS. This study concludes that according to rootstocks evaluation Kirumakki and Rangpur Poona nucellar showed resistant performance while, on other hand Kanamycin Sulphate having maximum inhabitation against canker.

]]> citrus, biotic stresses, citrus rootstocks, scion, disease control Research Article Wed, 30 Jun 2021 00:00:00 IST Genetic variability and association analysis for yield and yield related traits in finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn) Finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn) is regarded as cereal of hope because of its role in subsistence agriculture, and source of food for millions of poor people in Africa alone. Knowledge of the nature and magnitude of variation existing in breeding materials, interrelationships between quantitatively inherited plant traits is great importance for effective breeding. Forty nine finger millet  genotypes were tested at single location at Womberma, West Gojam Zone with the objectives of estimating the genetic variability, association among characters, and to estimate genetic divergence among the genotypes and clustering them in divergent groups. The experiment was conducted using simple lattice design with two replications. Results showed that genotypes had high values of genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation for effective tiller per plant, fingers per head, grain yield, biomass yield, lodging and blast severity. High heritability estimated was obtained for all of the traits ranged from 71.43 to 99.56%. Cluster analysis revealed that the 49 genotypes were grouped into nine clusters. Maximum and minimum intra and inter cluster distances was 6.12-16.33 and 17.08- 226.28 respectively. Principal component analysis indicated that three principal components explained about 68.07% of the total variation. Differentiation of the genotypes into different cluster was because of accumulative effect of a number of characters rather than small contribution of each individual character.

]]> phenotypic variability, genotypic variability, genetic advance Research Article Wed, 30 Jun 2021 00:00:00 IST Grain yield response of maize (Zea mays L.) to variable rates of compost and nitrogen fertilizer integrations Declining soil fertility is one of the major factor limiting crop productivity in Ethiopia. This experiment was therefore, conducted to evaluate grain yield response of maize to variable rates of compost and urea fertilizer integration. The experiment was arranged in factorial combination of three level of compost (0, 5 and 10 t ha-1) and three levels of mineral N fertilizer in the form of urea (0, 92 and 105 Kg ha-1). The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications at the experimental field of Hawassa University, Southern Ethiopia. The result revealed significant difference among compost levels for all of the traits studied. There is significant difference among nitrogen levels for grain yield, number of kernel per row, number of kernel per ear and hundred grins weight. Significant difference among treatments (combination of compost level and nitrogen level) were observed for grain yield, number of rows per ear, number of kernel per row, number of kernel per ear and hundred kernel weights. The combination of compost and urea at the rate of 10 t ha-1 and 105 kg ha-1, respectively, produced the highest kernel yield (11.3 t ha-1) followed by (10 t ha-1 and 92 kg ha-1) and (5 t ha-1 and 105 kg ha-1) with compost and urea combination 9.4 and 8.3 t ha-1 grain yield respectively. Generally, the combination of 10 t ha-1 compost with urea at the rate of 105 kg ha-1 resulted with 63% yield advantage compared with the control plot. It is therefore; wise to recommend 10 t ha-1 compost combinations with 105 kg of urea for improved maize yield for the farmers in the research area and areas with similar agro-ecology and resources availability.

]]> compost, fertilizer integrations, inorganic fertilizer, maize, organic fertilizer Research Article Wed, 30 Jun 2021 00:00:00 IST Large scale evaluation of the improved tef (Eragrostis tef) technologies Tef is the most important staple crop in Ethiopia. Despite its importance and increasing demand in local and global markets, tef production and productivity have remained low. Therefore this experiment was implemented to assess farmer technology preferences and to create wider demand for the availability of high yielding improved tef varieties. The improved variety of Kora with its associated recommended management practices was used and compared with the local tef growing practice in the 2019 growing season on 65 farmers’ farm lands. All the necessary data were collected and estimated using descriptive statistics. The result showed that the variety of Kora provided a higher average grain yield of 2682.4 kg ha-1 and resulted in a yield advantage of approximately 76.9% higher grain yield over the local variety under farmer’s practices. The result further showed that in the study areas a higher technological index of 41.6% was recorded. Participant farmers were agreed that the variety Kora had longer panicle length, resistance to lodging, resistance to waterlogging, longer in plant height, higher in grain, and straw yield compared to their local variety and even the previously introduced varieties. The improved variety drew a lot of attention from farmers because of its high yielding potential, white seed colour, good straw yield, and lodging resistance. The result indicated that promoting the improved tef Kora variety at a large scale, along with the recommended management practices, could increase farmers' access to improved variety seed and extension services.

]]> farmer preference, teff, kora variety, promotion, scaling up, technology gap Research Article Wed, 30 Jun 2021 00:00:00 IST On-farm assessment of the improved legumes Nutritional food security is essential for the growing population of Afghanistan. Legumes, such as chickpea, lentil and mung beans are important sources of food protein. Enhancing production of legumes is a natural option to provide health to its consumers and employment to agrarian families engaged in its cultivation. While developing the breeding methods for new seeds adapted to Afghanistan environments must continue, evaluation of a number of already improved varieties was found an immediate alternative to the low yielding farmer varieties. Over nine locations during 2014-15 and 2015-16, seven improved chickpea varieties were evaluated in 86 farmer fields, one improved lentil variety in 68 fields and one improved mung bean variety in 70 fields. The improved varieties were coupled with the recommended crop production practices. Of the seven improved chickpea varieties evaluated over the environments in the study, Australia was found having highest average yield mean of 1127 ± 107 kgha-1(tested over three locations) followed by FLIP-92 (753 ±37 kgha-1) while Sehat (372 ± 136 kgha-1) yielded the lowest. Among the locations, Deh Sabz had highest yield level of 2341 kg ha-1based on FLIP-92 and FLIP-95. The lentil Kushak-1 showed an average yield of 573 ± 260 kg ha-1 and mung bean variety Mash 2008 yielded 538 ± 273 kg ha-1. This on-farm trial provided an appraisal of yield levels of the selected improved legume varieties. However, evaluation of new improved legume varieties is regularly needed through on-farm trials to provide an evidence-based recommendation to farmers.

]]> on-farm trials, legumes, improved genotypes, food security, productivity risks Research Article Wed, 30 Jun 2021 00:00:00 IST Genetic divergence of lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes in Uganda Forty-eight lowland rice genotypes with two checks were evaluated for their agronomic performance, genetic variability, heritability, and genetic advance for yield and yield contributing traits. Among the tested genotypes SR33859-HB3324-133 (45.7 qha-1), SR33859-HB3324-93 (40.2 qha-1) were the high yielding genotypes above the better check. The analysis of variance showed significant differences for all measured traits and indicating the presence of high genetic variability among genotypes. A highly significant (P≤0.001) correlations were observed between flag leaf length and plant height (rp= 0.76, rg=0.84), panicle length and plant height (rp= 0.77, rg= 0.90), and panicle length and flag leaf length (rp= 0.75, rg=0.89). The estimates of GCV were lower than the respective PCV for all traits, indicating the influence of environmental factors on the expression of the traits. Characters like grain yield (94 %, 90.9), flag leaf length (97 %, 71.6), number of tillers per hill (91 %, 67.2) and plant height (99.0 %, 50.7) showed high heritability coupled with moderate genetic advance as percent of the mean, which suggesting that these traits are controlled by the additive type of gene action and selection could be possible for the improvement of these characters. On the other hand, moderate heritability estimates with low genetic advance as percent of the mean were recorded for flag leaf width and number of days to maturity indicated the presence of non-additive gene effects, and selection for these traits would be poor. As a result, the variability that exists in the germplasm provides an opportunity to use these genotypes in the genetic improvement program.

]]> rice, variability, GCV, PCV, heritability, genetic advance Research Article Wed, 30 Jun 2021 00:00:00 IST Genotype × Environment interaction studies in lentil under Afghanistan environments Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik. culinaris) is an important pulse crop causative to nutrition and food security of people in Afghanistan. Genotype by environment interaction (GEI) is one of the major factors restraining the efficiency of any breeding program. This study consisted of two lentil yield trials conducted in alpha design with two or three replicates at three locations for two years (2014-2015 and 2015-2016). Genotypic differences were significant (P<0.05) in all the environments. Genotype × location interactions were found significant (P<0.01) in each year for LIEN-LS and LIEN-SS trials. There were significant genotype × year interactions of crossover type. For LIEN-LS genetic materials, Herat and Mazar formed a mega-environment based on responses in 2015 and 2016. High yielding genotypes with specific adaptation to Mazar and Herat environment were LG16 (FLIP2012-21L) in 2015 and LG24 (FLIP2013-3L) in 2016, whereas LG30 (FLIP2013-20L) was identified as high yielding with specific adaptation to Nangarhar environment during both the years. The high yielding genotypes in 2015 were LG32 (FLIP2013-29L) at Herat, LG16 (FLIP2012-21L) at Mazar and LG30 (FLIP2013-20L) at Nangarhar from LIEN-LS. In 2016, LG12 (FLIP2013-16L) at Herat, LG5 (FLIP2013-3L) at Mazar and LG1 (FLIP2013-20L) at Nangarhar were identified as high yielding genotypes. In 2015-16, SG12 (FLIP 2013-51L) at Herat, SG2 (FLIP2013-59L) at Mazar and SG6 (FLIP2013-66L) at Nangarhar were the top yielding genotypes from LIEN-SS. The identified genotypes from LIEN-LS and LIEN-SS at the two locations (Mazar and Nangarhar) may be used for up-scaling lentil production to support food security in Afghanistan as well as for generating new genotypes using crossing-selection-evaluation cycle.

]]> lentil, genotypes × environment interaction, adaptation, Afghanistan, GGE bi-plot Research Article Wed, 30 Jun 2021 00:00:00 IST Genotype x environment interaction and stability of drought tolerant durum wheat Genotype x environment interaction is of great interest for selecting cultivars for variable environment. The objectives were to evaluate presence of genotype by environment interactions and identify stable genotypes using different stability parameters. Twenty five selected durum wheat genotypes grown in randomized complete block design with three replications over six environments in main rainy season. The combined analysis of variance indicated that highly significant variations among genotypes, environments and their interactions on grain yield. The largest variation was accounted by environments, followed by GEI and then genotypes. The stability analysis using parametric measures identified G-24 as the most stable genotype followed by G-23 with above average grain yield. Stability parameters showed similar rankings of genotypes with different magnitudes and identified Genotypes 1, 24, 4, 10 and 17 as the most stable genotypes. As per the AMMI analysis the first two IPCAs showed significant variations and explained about 61% of GEI. GGE biplot categorized the environments in to two mega environments where Akaki and Gimbichu grouped together and that of Debre-Zeit light and black soil and Alemtena in the second mega environment and Minjar remained alone.

]]> AMMI, ASV, durum wheat, biplot, stability Research Article Wed, 30 Jun 2021 00:00:00 IST Distribution and population dynamics of Coccinellidae predators associated with white mango scale, Aulacaspis tubercularis (Newstead) in southwest Ethiopia The survey was conducted in Southwestern Ethiopia, to study the distribution and population dynamics of Coccinellidae predators associated with White Mango Scale (WMS). The identification of the predators was done by collecting infested mango leaves from the targeted fields. In all surveyed areas, three Chilocorus beetles spp. (Chilocorus spp. 1, 2, and 3) and one unknown beetle were identified feeding on all stages of WMS. The number of Chilocorus spp. 1 was higher compared with the other identified predators in all surveyed areas. Among the surveyed areas, East Wollega had the highest population of Chilocorus spp. 1. The peak population of the identified Coccinellidae predators and WMS varied from March to May depend on the species and areas. Overall, during the rainy and high temperature seasons, the number of both WMS and predators declined. The correlation study showed that the populations of the predators were positively correlated with weather factors and WMS, as prey factor.  Altogether, the current study suggests that identified Coccinellidae Chilocorus spp. 1 was considered as the potential predator to control WMS. Therefore, future studies need to be focus on predacious efficacy, mass rearing and field release mechanism and compatibility with other management options.

]]> Coccinellidae, predators, distribution, population dynamics, WMS Research Article Wed, 30 Jun 2021 00:00:00 IST Genetic analysis and genotype x environment interaction for resistance to northern leaf blight disease in tropical maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes Northern leaf blight (NLB) disease one of the most devastating foliar diseases of maize accounting for more than 50% yield losses annually. Information on inheritance of NLB resistance of maize population adaptable to tropical environments is required. Thus, hybrids generated through 10 x 10 half-diallel of tropical maize inbred lines were evaluated in five environments to determine their combining ability, impact of NLB disease on grain yield, and genotype x environment (G x E). The 45 single cross F1 hybrids and nine hybrid checks were evaluated across five environments using 9 x 6 alpha lattice with three replications. The greater proportion of general combining ability (GCA) over specific combining ability (SCA) effects across environments implies that additive gene action influences the inheritance of these traits. Predominance of additive gene indicates that rapid progress would be achieved from selection for NLB disease resistance. Regression analysis revealed 1030–1130 kg ha-1 reduction in maize grain yield per increase in NLB severity score. Significant negative relationships (r = -0.33 to -0.77) were reported between grain yield and NLB severity scores in this study. This showed the potential of NLB to cause yield reduction in susceptible genotypes. GGE revealed that the test environments fell into two sectors, indicating the existence of two mega-environments and presence of significant crossover interaction.

]]> maize, northern leaf blight disease, gca, sca, regression Research Article Wed, 30 Jun 2021 00:00:00 IST Effect of nitrogen starter dose and phosphorus fertilizer application on growth, yield characters and grain crude protein content of three varieties of cowpea in anyigba, kogi state, Nigeria Anyigba Soils (Lat 7029’ and Long 7011’E) in Kogi State is deficient in Nitrogen and Phosphorus which retard growth and yield of cowpea crop. A field experiment was therefore conducted   during the rainy seasons of years 2018 and 2019 respectively, at the student Research and  Demonstration Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Kogi State University, Anyigba. The aim of the trial was to evaluate the influence of Nitrogen-fertilizer-starter dose and phosphorus on growth, yield attributes, final Grain yield and Grain Crude Protein content of three varieties of cowpea in    Anyigba. The N-fertilizer rates were – 0, 10 and 20kg N/ha applied as urea, while the P rates were 0, 37.5 and 75.0 Kg P2O5/ha as single super phosphate (26.0% P2O5). Factorial experiment was used and treatments were arranged and laid out in Split Plot Design (SPD) and replicated three times. The results indicated that for both years, Nitrogen and Phosphorus application resulted in significant (P < 0.05) increases in growth, some yield attributes and final Grain Yield of the three varieties of cowpea. One major significant outcome of the experiment was that while Nitrogen application significantly (P<0.05) increased number of nodules produced/plant for all the sampling periods and for both years, phosphorus application however had no significant (P>0.05) influence on the character (nodule) throughout the sampling periods and for both years. The highest grain yield of 0.93tonha-1 was obtained with application of 10 kg N and 37.5 Kg P2O5/ha. Application of 10.0 Kg N ha-1 and 37.5 Kg P2O5 ha-1 of Phosphorus significantly (P<0.05) yielded a Crude Protein Content of 20.83% and 23.31% over the control plot which gave 20.54% and 19.17% Crude Protein respectively in 2018 trials. This trend was equally maintained in 2019 trials.

]]> crude protein, biomass, harvest index, grain yield, 100 seed weight, threshing percent Research Article Wed, 31 Mar 2021 00:00:00 IST Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) seed fungi in a sub-tropical district Milk thistle, Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., is known as an edible and medicinal plant applied in traditional medicine, and its seed is used in the production of medicines against liver  hyperglycemia. Seed-born fungi may cause plant diseases and produce mycotoxins that are dangerous for animal and human health. Hence, the external and internal fungal infection of milk thistle seeds from six genotypes from six different geographic areas were studied through a deep-freeze blotter test. Alternaria alternata was the most prevalent fungus. Other seed-borne fungi belonging to the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, and Rhizopus were also  observed. In addition, highly meaningful differences in the frequency of A. alternata were found among seed samples. These findings are not only important in Plant Pathology and Plant Breeding but also in Pharmacy.

]]> Alternaria, cardus, mycotoxin, seedborne Research Article Wed, 31 Mar 2021 00:00:00 IST Genetic variability, heritability and path analyses of yield and yield related traits of newly developed rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes in lowland ecology in Ghana The experiment was conducted with the objective of estimating the genetic variability and the path coefficient analysis for yield and yield related traits of 45 newly released rice genotypes at the research field of Council for Scientific and Industrial Research – Crops Research Institute in Sokwai, Kumasi. The Genotypic Coefficient of Variation (GCV) were lower than the Phenotypic Coefficient of Variation (PCV) for all the traits indicates the influence of environment on the traits. The GCV and PCV value ranged from 0.95% to 12.93% and 2.95% to 78.50%, respectively. Panicle length recorded moderate heritability together with moderate genetic advance which suggests that they can be improved through direct selection due to predominant additive variation and indicating that a moderate level of genetic variability is present in these characters. Positive and direct effect was exhibited by the plant height, tiller number per plant, plot weight before winnowing on the grain yield as important traits to be considered during selection and improvement programmes.

]]> genetic variability, heritability, rice, new lines, path analysis Research Article Wed, 31 Mar 2021 00:00:00 IST Genetic diversity studies for yield and quality traits in barnyard millet Assessments of genetic variability was carried out in a set of forty-one genotypes of Barnyard millet [Echinochloa frumentacea (Roxb.) Link] grown in a Randomized Block Design with three replications during the Kharif, 2019-2020 at Hill Millet Research Station, Navsari Agricultural University, Waghai, The Dangs. The basic objective of the experiment was to assess the extent of morphological variation as well as genetic divergence in the available barnyard millet germplasm, which will serve as base for future barnyard millet crop improvement programmes. Fourteen different characters related to seed yield were recorded and subjected to estimation genetic diversity of the genotypes. Studies pertaining to genetic divergence were also carried out using Mahalanobis D2 statistics for forty-one barnyard millet genotypes and twelve clusters were formed. Clustering pattern of the genotypes was independent of their geographical distribution. Based on inter-cluster distance, cluster III and V showed the maximum distance followed by the distance between cluster III and IV. Therefore, it is concluded that the genotypes belonging to these clusters should be inter-crossed in order to generate more variability and improving grain yield in barnyard millet. On the basis of cluster means for different characters, it concluded that high yielding genotypes coupled with other important physiological traits viz.,days to 50 % flowering, days to maturity, plant height at maturity, productive tillers per plant, branches per panicle, panicle (finger) length, straw yield per plant, 1000 seed weight, protein content, Ca content, fat content, Fe content and Zn content could be selected as parents for hybridization programme from cluster III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI and XII. Inter-crossing among the genotypes from these clusters might results in hybrids having high vigour which may further results in wide array of genetic variability for exercising effective selection. Analysis corroborated the absence of relationship between geographic origin and genetic diversity, as genotypes from the different area grouped into same clusters and the genotypes of same area were grouped in the different clusters. Therefore, breeder must evaluate their material for genetic diversity and should not merely depend on their geographical origin.

]]> barnyard millet, genetic diversity, yield characters, quality characters, quantitative characters Research Article Wed, 31 Mar 2021 00:00:00 IST SWOT analysis to adopt technologies in pulses cultivation under climate change in Jordan's humid agriculture This paper examined the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to new technologies adoption and application in representative sub-humid agricultural communities of Irbid, Madaba, and Karak of Jordan. This is predicated on the need for improved performance and reinvigoration of research tools for better policymaking. Some of the strengths are saving time, increase production, and profitability for new technologies. The study explored socio-economic conditions of pulses farmers to evaluate the impacts of the introduction of new technologies of seeder use, zero-tillage, new pulses varieties, adding fertilizers with scheduling, using herbicides, using recommended seeding rates, and recommended planting dates. On the other hand, opportunities that can be explored is expected increased incomes. No problems or threats expected to the adoption and application of new technologies. The paper recommends that research and policymakers should pay proper attention to the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to adoption and application of new technologies with a view of making decisions truly more responsive to local concerns and policy.

]]> adoption, pulses, SWOT, technologies, sub-humid Research Article Wed, 31 Mar 2021 00:00:00 IST Performing statistical analysis to describe the emergence of corn and sorghum in Florida using thermometer electronic sensors records Corn and sorghum are staple forage crops in Florida. Innovative agriculture depends on science and technology to explain biological and ecological phenomena such as field plants' emergence. This research study was conducted in Florida in 2017 using two electronic thermometers (HOBO UA-001-64, and HOBO H08-032-08). One measuring the soil temperature and the other the air temperature, respectively in the location of the experiment. An analysis of the means, normality, and a comparison of the means of the two devices were performed using statistical analyzes (t, and F analyses) to know the most accurate description of emergence according to scientific literature. A soil readout thermometer (HOBO UA-001-64) appears closest and realistic to describe the emergence of corn and sorghum in Florida.

]]> emergence, normality, sensor, temperature Research Note Wed, 31 Mar 2021 00:00:00 IST Regression and correlation analyses between water chemical traits of acidity (pH) and electrical conductivity Experts and researchers in soil, plant and water science seek to understand the nature of the relationship between soil salinity and its effect on its acidity. Each plant has a tolerance range of salt and an ideal acidity level to live and grow in. 5 irrigation water samples were taken from 5 random sources in Zarqa, Jordan, in 2018 and 2019, where salinity and acidity were measured using specialized electronic probes. The regression and correlation analysis showed a weak dependency of irrigation water pH on total dissolved salts (TDS) to the point that it is a positively negligible relationship. The study recommends taking a large and random number of soil and irrigation water samples to confirm or deny this scientific observation.

]]> acidity, conductivity, regression, salinity Research Note Wed, 31 Mar 2021 00:00:00 IST Hairy root culture: a promising alternative for enhancing the production of biologically active compounds Hairy roots are obtained from the infection caused by Agrobacterium rhizogenes, a gram negative bacterium and are known to produce different complex molecules. Various biochemical pathways and physiological aspects in plants can be understood by means of hairy roots. Being genetically and biosynthetically stable as well as resultant high biomass accumulation and productivity in short period of time, these roots are great alternatives to conventional methods for the production of pharmacologically important compounds. Various biotechnological approaches i.e. culture medium components and their concentration, culture conditions, elicitation etc. are used and optimized to enhance overall yield. To meet up the increasing demand, production on industrial scale has been considered to be an important where concept of bioreactors is involved. This review presents basic idea of development of hairy roots, requirement of the optimum culture conditions and use of bioreactors to increase yield of the bioactive compounds.

]]> hairy roots, Agrobacterium rhizogenes, metabolites production, bioreactor cultivation Review Article Wed, 31 Mar 2021 00:00:00 IST Nutritional quality of pro-vitamin A, biofortified maize Vitamin A  deficiency  (VAD)  which  is  caused  by  a  chronic  inadequate  dietary  intake  of vitamin A is a major public health problem in many developing  countries. In SSA countries, VAD continues to be a serious public health problem despite implemented strategies to alleviate VAD.  Provitamin  A bio fortified  maize,  which  has  been  developed  through  plant breeding, has the potential to act  as  an  additional  strategy  to  eliminate  VAD. The feasibility of using provitamin A biofortified maize to alleviate VAD is critically dependent on consumer acceptance of the provitamin A biofortified maize. Generally, biofortification is used to influence the  nutritional  composition  of  the  provitamin  A-biofortified  maize  grain  varieties,  including carotenoid composition. Thus, in terms of grain quality and  nutritional  composition, provitamin  A-biofortified  maize  varieties  would  be,  overall,  a  better  food  source  than  the normal  white  maize. Biofortification can be achieved through conventional selective breeding or through genetic engineering or molecular breeding. It could help to identify the traits that the breeders need to focus on, in order to make the biofortified maize more acceptable.

]]> maize, provitamin A, biofortification, vitamin A deficiency Review Article Wed, 31 Mar 2021 00:00:00 IST Epigenetic modifications and its basic mechanism Heritable changes in the plant's phenotype are attributed to genomic sequence change and also by epigenetic variations. These epigenetic variations are involved in controlling plants' developmental processes. Intense and close breeding has reduced the genetic variations in crop increasing their susceptibility to the changing environment. Epigenetic diversity has now emerged as a new source of variation for coping with changing environmental stresses in plants. Epigenetic modifications like DNA methylation, post-translational histone modifications, histone variants, and involvement of non-coding RNAs have played a major role in gene expression and regulation in plants. These epigenetic modifications have created the variability in phenotypic expression by selective turning on and turning off of the genomic sequence. These variabilities are created in plants in response to the environmental factors to which plants are exposed. These phenotypic variations accumulated by epigenetic modification are transferred and expressed in the next generation as they are heritable. DNA methylation and methylation of histone tails on the lysine 4, 9, and 27 positions are among the best-characterized epigenetic marks observed in both plants and animals. These modifications marks have altered the physical state of the DNA. The alternation in the physical state of DNA has changed the way cell reads the genes. This is the potential new area of the research as it creates phenotypic variability in response to stress factors without changing the chemical properties of the DNA. In this paper, we have presented the epigenetic modifications and the way they controlled the gene expression in plants and animals.

]]> DNA methylation, histone modification, histone variants, epigenetics Review Article Wed, 31 Mar 2021 00:00:00 IST Phytoremediation-a green technology adapted to eradication of harmful heavy toxic metals from contaminated soil Phytoremediation is an alternative technology which makes use of biological processes for detoxifying the harmful pollutants in the environment. Rapid increase of industrialization and various other factors such as agricultural activities, the excessive use of fertilizers, untreated waste, and untreated laboratory effluents lead to degradation of soil as well as environment. The heavy toxic metals plays major role because these are basically crucial for development of plants. These are generally take part in various reduction and oxidation reactions, elementary role in metabolisms of nucleic acids, electrons transferring as a direct participant and being a fundamental part of some essential enzymes. The presence at a minimum threshold amount of these heavy toxic metals in a normal growing medium is vital, but excessive high amount lead to numerous lethal effects. Hence, it becomes our foremost duty towards sustainable development goals to eradicate the toxic harmful metal ions. Certain physical and chemical technologies are used to eradicate such toxins, but due to certain limitations, natural method is preferred which is plants-based technology for eradication of noxious heavy metals from contaminated soil. This technology used from last two decades to solve the problem of eradication of harmful metal ions through plants metabolic pathway in sustainable, environment friendly way. The plants which are used as phytoremediator are generally hyperaccumulators, that can accumulate metal ions in concentration of more than 1000ppm and they must have certain properties such as branched root system, less biomass, easy harvestable. This review article focuses on the sources, harmful effects and various technologies to eradicate heavy metals by using hyperaccumulating plants.

]]> phytoremediation, heavy metals, toxic effects, uptake mechanisms, hyperaccumulators Review Article Wed, 31 Mar 2021 00:00:00 IST Tef (Eragrostis tef) variety development for moisture stress areas of Ethiopia Tef is widely cultivated grain crop in Ethiopia by concerning 6.5 million smallholder farmers on about 30% of the full-scale region distributed to cereal crops. The goal of this experiment was to identify and release stable and high yielding tef genotype for moisture stress areas of country and to determine and understand the effect of genotype, environment, and their interaction on grain yield of tef. Fourteen selected tef genotypes obtained from two autonomous crosses and progressed through alternative for a minimum of eight generations, and a local and standard check varieties, were tested over a two years at seven tef growing sites in moisture stress areas of Ethiopia namely Debre Zeit, Alemetena, Dhera, Axum, Sirinka, Minjar and Mehoni, using randomized complete block design with four replications. Among the genotype tested, DZ-Cr-387 x 3774-13(RIL120B) was found predominant in terms of yield at tested moisture stress environments. This genotype was obtained through targeted cross between DZ-Cr-387 (Quncho) selected as a maternal parent for its high yielding capability and wide adaptability and, 3774-13 as a pollen parent for its extraordinarily white seed quality and earliness. The genotype DZ-Cr-387 x 3774-13(RIL120B) gave the average grain yield 2740 kgha-1 pooled across all environments. This genotype "DZ-Cr-387 x 3774-13(RIL120B)” was later released as DZ-Cr-453(RIL 120B) or Bora by the National Variety Release Committee in 2019, and with a yield advantage of 5.7% and 24.48% over the standard (Boset) and local check, respectively.

]]> Eragrostis tef, bora, early maturity, variety release Research Article Wed, 30 Dec 2020 00:00:00 IST Genetic interactions in Eucalyptus species Six species of Eucalyptus viz., E. alba, E. camaldulensis, E. microtheca, E. tereticornis, E. polycarpa and E. torelliana, were subjected to full diallel mating. The cross between E. polycarpa and E. torelliana was characterised by post-fertilization abortion. An evaluation of the remaining four parents and 12 hybrids revealed that characters like height, DBH, leaf number and leaf breadth were free from epistatic interaction. For characters like internode length and leaf length, non-allelic interaction was manifest. The magnitude of dominant genes was high for most characters indicating the promise of heterosis breeding for these traits. Symmetrical distribution of positive and negative genes was inferred. The number of genes that control the characters was one for collar diameter and leaf length, two for height and internode length and three for leaf breadth. Narrow sense heritability was high for all the attributes, barring internode length.

]]> Eucalyptus, GCA, genetic interactions, SCA, diallele mating, heritability Research Article Wed, 30 Dec 2020 00:00:00 IST An overview of the genetics and cytogenetics of Jatropha curcas L. for its improvement Jatropha curcas, an ingenious source for providing biodiesel is becoming a god given crop to sustain the energy requirements in the years to come. Biodiesel, an alternative diesel fuel, is made from renewable biological sources such as vegetable oil and animal fats. Though many non edible oilseeds are available, Jatropha curcas L. is recognized as the most potential species for biodiesel production since its seed contains high oil (30 to 38%) and could be grown under different land use situations. India is fifth in the world in terms of fossil fuel consumption which amounts to 40 million tones of diesel and hence there is imperative need for identifying and utilizing plant species that are capable of yielding biodiesel. Centre of excellence in biofuels at TNAU concentrates on the breeding, agronomic and systematic evaluation of seed/ hybrid clones for oil yield maximization. An earnest attempt is made to summarize available information on Jatropha genetics, cytogenetics, genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, association of traits and molecular approaches, interspecific hybridization programmes and prospects of tissue culture, mutation and transgenic breeding for further crop improvement to provide comprehensive understanding on complete exploitation of Jatropha.

]]> biofuel, cytogenetics, energy, genetics, jatropha Research Article Wed, 30 Sep 2020 00:00:00 IST Conservation and management in genetic resources of biofuel crops Biomass is emerging as one of the promising environmentally friendly renewable energy options if the major conventional energy sources like petroleum oil, coal and gas become depleted. Biomass can be converted into liquid and gaseous fuels through thermochemical and biological methods. Fuels produced from these technologies are referred to as biofuels. It is generally held that biofuels offer many benefits over conventional petroleum fuels, including availability from locally available biomass sources, reduction of greenhouse gas emission, biodegradability, and contributing to sustainability. However, Biofuels contain oxygen levels of 10–45% by mass while petroleum has essentially none. This makes the chemical properties of biofuel more favorable for complete combustion. In addition, biofuels from all sources have very low sulphur content and many have a low nitrogen level which make them more eco-friendly. As a consequence, biodiesel is widely used as an alternative fuel for diesel engines, whereas ethanol is used to replace gasoline.

]]> conservation, biofuel, biomass, energy, genetic resources Research Article Tue, 30 Jun 2020 00:00:00 IST Response of Scirpophaga incertulas Walker to different temperature regimes The yellow stem borer (YSB) Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) (Pyralidae: Lepidoptera) is one of the major pests in rice producing areas and accounts for 27 to 34 per cent loss in the crop yield. Climate change especially temperature increase will affect the insect physiology, behavior and development. An investigation was undertaken to study the effect of temperature on Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) by constructing the stage specific life table to understand its behaviour in the future climate. Experiments were carried out at four different temperature regimes viz., 28.0°C, 30.0°C, 32.0°C and 34.0°C. The results revealed that the survival fraction of a particular stage reduced with increasing temperatures. The calculated apparent mortality indicated that the percentage of insect died, increased with increasing temperatures. The results showed that the Mortality Survival Ratio (MSR) was observed to be increasing with increasing temperatures for all the stages. The value of IM was observed to be decreasing with increasing temperatures. The generation mortality of YSB was increasing with increase in temperatures for all the stages. The experiments revealed that the insects which happened to live under higher temperature would die faster and most of their energy is spent for reproduction rather than for living long time.

]]> climate change, global warming, life table, plant protection, temperature, yellow stem borer Research Article Mon, 30 Mar 2020 00:00:00 IST Genetic interaction of physiological traits in Eucalyptus species Six species of Eucalyptus viz., E. alba, E. camaldulensis, E. microtheca, E. tereticornis, E. polycarpa and E. torelliana, were subjected to full diallel mating. The cross between E. polycarpa and E. torelliana was characterised by post-fertilization abortion. An evaluation of the remaining four parents and 12 hybrids revealed that characters like leaf temperature and diffusive resistance were free from epistatic interaction. For the characters  PAR, non-allelic interaction was obserrved. Leaf temperature was shown to be under the influence of predominantly dominant gene action. Predominance of additive gene action  was evident in respect of diffusive resistance and transpiration rate. The gene distribution among the parents was observed to be unequal with greater frequencies of dominant allels for PAR and diffusive resistance. The number of genes that control the characters was one for leaf temperature, PAR and transpiration rate and  two for diffusive resistance. Narrow sense heritability was low  for all the attributes.

]]> diallel mating, Eucalyptus, genetic analysis, gene action, physiological traits, tree breeding Research Article Mon, 30 Mar 2020 00:00:00 IST Induction of tetraploids in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus Thunb.) through chromosome doubling Polyploidy is an important evolution process for the creation of new species. Up to 70% of angiosperms are reported that as polyploids. Tetraploids development in  watermelon is the first most step in the seedless fruit development. In this study, the colchicine was used to generate the tetraploid watermelons. The chloroplast counting methodology was adopted to segregate tetraploids. Among the 63 plants treated, one plant showed 11- 14 chloroplasts in the guard cells. Chimeral stomatal guard cells pertaining to the number of chloroplasts also identified in this investigation.

]]> watermelon, tetraploidy, colchicine, chloroplast, screening Research Article Fri, 20 Dec 2019 00:00:00 IST Effect of Sulphur Oxidizing Bacteria (SOB) on sulphur nutrition in Sesame (Sesamum indicum) Sulphur (S) plays an important role particularly in the nutrition of Oilcrops as it is a key element of S containing amino acids. Sulphur is a constituent of three amino acids commonly found in plants viz., cystine, cysteine, and methionine, which are essential components of proteins. Sulphur increase the oil content and gives pungency to oil as it forms certain disulphide linkages. Oil seeds crops like sesame, sunflower, groundnut etc., require more sulphur than cereals as their oil storage organs are mostly protein, rich in sulphur. Certain types of bacteria are able to oxidize, reduced form of sulphur which is unavailable to plants into available form. These types of bacteria are called as Sulphur Oxidizing Bacteria (SOB), which can live in very different environments, from deep in the ocean to freshwater marshes. One of the best examples of SOB is a genus Thiobacillus i.e., Thiobacillus thiooxidans, Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, Thiobacillus thioparus, Thiobacillus novellus. SOB generally improves the production or the conversion of the elemental sulphur to the sulphate (SO4-2) for absorption and results in the plant growth promotion and production process. Because of applying Sulphur Oxidizing Bacteria (SOB) to oilcrops, an amount of available sulphur to the plant is increased, this in turn helps to enhance the oil seed production and productivity.

]]> Sulphur nutrition, sesame, sulphur oxidizing bacteria (SOB), oil seed production and productivity Review Article Sun, 29 Sep 2019 00:00:00 IST Determinants of vulnerable group of Madhya Pradesh developing climate change strategies for Sustainable Agriculture practices: Discrete Analysis using Logit Model The present study has focused to analysed determinants at field level climate resilient practices adopted by the vulnerable community in Madhya Pradesh. The model used data of a cross-sectional survey of 681 farm beneficiaries who have benefited under the Sustainable Livelihood for Adaptation and Climate Change (SLACC) project. The SLACC project was carried out in two districts of Madhya Pradesh (Central-India). The 13 logit models were performed which impacts the decision making of the farmers to enhance the exiting farming practice at the field level.  Independent variables used for this study are socio-economic variable, credit accessibility, farmland holding, gender etc. which attracts farmers towards sustainable practices. The major finding of this exercises shows a positive relationship between the adoption of ‘line sowing’ of rice and ‘SRI’ (System of Rice Intensification), and the number of years of farming experience The credit accessibility results are positive significant where farmers have to adopt major farm activities like deep ploughing, seed replacement, zero tillage etc. combat the climate change vagaries. More interestingly, organic manure has been adopted by the vulnerable groups higher than the others where results are also validated from the ground level information. The promotions of above interventions require more focus policy driven steps to bifurcate different vulnerable groups under a cluster approach for effective credit diffusion to address Climate Resilient Practices.

]]> Climate Change, Impacts, Adaptation, Sustainable Agriculture, Climate resilient Research Article Sat, 29 Jun 2019 00:00:00 IST Role of Castor (Ricinus communis L.) in the livelihood sustenance of Tribal farmers through Tribal Sub Plan Frontline Demonstration in Salem district of Tamil Nadu In India, Gujarat, Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh are the major castor producing states which contribute 84 percent of castor production. In Tamil Nadu, the districts namely Salem, Namakkal, Dharmapuri, Permbalur are important in their contribution to the increase in area and production of castor Nadu and its mainly grown castor as border crop and an intercrop under rainfed condition. An Identification of high yielding castor hybrids, development of production technology and dissemination of improved technology through FLDs resulted in increase of castor area, production and productivity of castor in Tamil Nadu. Cultivation of castor with improved technologies gave higher net returns ranged from Rs.50425 to 63290/ha, and a mean value of Rs.55998.33/ha as compared to local check with recorded Rs.18700 to 20185/ha and mean value of Rs.19173.33/ha. The improved production technology registered an additional net returns ranging from Rs.31725 to 43105/ha with a mean of Rs.36825/ha over local check. The average benefit cost ratio of the demonstration plot was 3.84, varying from 3.65 to 4.16 and that of local check was 2.24, varying from 2.20 to 2.30. It can be concluded that the front line demonstration through Tribal Sub Plan scheme with an integrated crop management techniques proved more productive and remunerative than that grown under local practices.

]]> Caster, climate, tribal farmers, frontline demonstration Research Article Wed, 27 Mar 2019 00:00:00 IST Economic analysis of grape production in Tamil Nadu The study aimed to analyze the trend in grapes, economics of grape production, resource use efficiency and constraints. Results revealed that area under grape cultivation is decreasing over a decade by 1.17 per cent. The production and productivity also declined by 10.16 and 9.55 per cent, per annum, respectively. Total cost of grape cultivation (Panneer variety) was about Rs. 3.20, Rs.3.60 and Rs.1.50 lakh per ha in Theni, Coimbatore and Dindigul districts, respectively. Net income per ha was Rs. 3.74 lakhs, Rs.2.97 lakhs and Rs.2.09 lakhs for the samples districts. Age of vine yard, FYM and phosphorus are the factors that have positive and significant influence on the yield of grapes. Pest and disease infestation, labour problem, water scarcity, price fluctuation and lack of price information were the major constraints faced by the gape farmers. The study suggested that grape growers association may provide  price information and research should focus on developing new high yielding variety that are resistant to disease infestation and tolerant to local climatic condition.

]]> Grape, trend, cost, returns, cobb douglas production function, constraints Research Article Fri, 28 Dec 2018 00:00:00 IST Impact of Sri Lankan cassava mosaic virus infection on the tuber yield, starch and protein content of cassava tubers of three popular varieties of Tamil Nadu Cassava is an important crop cultivated in most of the districts of Tamil Nadu, the starch content of cassava is high when compared with any other crops. The yield of cassava is drastically reduced due to infection with Sri Lankan cassava mosaic virus. In order to study the real impact of this virus on the yield, starch and protein contents of tubers, three field studies were conducted during two years from 2010-2012. Three different varieties namely H226, CO2 and Kunguma rose varieties were used for the study. Field trial was conducted at ARS Vaigai Dam TNAU Farm, Singampettai, SPAC Factory land (Erode district) with infected and healthy cassava plants (virus eliminated and indexed) for three consecutive seasons. During 2010 the trial with cv. CO2 in an area 0.5ac (25 cents healthy and 25 cents infected) was conducted and during second season (Oct-Nov planting) at SPAC Farm, Singampettai, Eroded district. The trial with Kunguma Rose (local) was conducted during first season (June-July 2011) at SPAC Farm, Singampettai, in an area of 0.5 Ac (25 cents healthy and 25 cents virus infected) and the trial with cv H226 was conducted at ARS, Vaigai Dam, Theni District during Feb 2012 in an area of 0.5 ac (25 cents infected and 25 cents healthy). The observation was recorded on the tuber yield and it was observed that there was a drastic reduction in the yield to the tune of 70, 37.6 and 79.9 per cent in cv CO2, Kunguma rose and H226 respectively. Qualitative yield loss was also recorded for the three varieties. The starch content of the tubers was found to be reduced to the tune of 10.4, 23.2 and 20.4 per cent in the cv CO2, Kunguma rose and H226 respectively. The protein content for all the varieties was found to be reduced to the tune of 0.15 per cent as in comparison with tubers collected from healthy plants.

]]> Cassava mosaic disease, tuber yield, starch content, protein analysis Research Article Fri, 28 Dec 2018 00:00:00 IST Aflatoxin research in southeast Nigeria: current status and possible risks in the era of climate change Aflatoxins are Aspergillus secondary metabolites found in various crops and agricultural products. The contamination of food by aflatoxins can occur during crop production, processing, storage, transportation or marketing of the food products. High temperature, moisture content and water activity are among the predisposing factors that facilitate mould growth and the production of aflatoxins in food. Aflatoxins are considered the major mycotoxins produced in crops and food. In Nigeria and beyond, aflatoxin contamination is considered to be a major problem with implications that affect human and animal health as well as the economic potentials of crops. The available, updated information on the incidence of aflatoxin contamination, decontamination and its public health importance in south eastern Nigeria is lacking. The aim of this review is to highlight, update and discuss the available information on the incidence of aflatoxins in south eastern states of Nigeria. The public health implications, risk factors and the recommended strategies for control of aflatoxins in food and agricultural crops are also deliberated.

]]> Aflatoxins, food contamination, crops and products, health hazards, Southeast Nigeria Review Article Sun, 30 Sep 2018 00:00:00 IST Frontline demonstration on integrated pest management module for shoot and fruit borer (Leucinodes orbonalis) in brinjal Shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guene is a key pest in brinjal cultivation with yield reduction upto 89 per cent in India. Due to internal feeding behavior of L. orbonalis lessens the effectiveness and efficacy of the insecticides to the enormous level. The evaluation of integrated pest management module was conducted during Kharif and Rabi seasons of 2016 – 17. The experiment was evaluated in three treatments with ten replications comprises of IPM module, farmers practice and untreated control. The result of the experiment revealed that, the crop damage observation caused by brinjal shoot and fruit borer was measured on the basis of damaged shoots and fruits separately. The mean of shoot damage was recorded in IPM module plot of 2.21 percent, farmers practice of 15.40 percent and untreated control of 47.50 percent during Kharif season. The mean of fruit damage was recorded in IPM module plot of 3.10 percent, farmers practice of 19.50 percent and untreated control of 52.10 percent during Rabi season. In Kharif and Rabi season lowest shoot and fruit damage of 3.63 percent, 2.21 percent and 4.10 percent, 3.10 percent respectively was recorded in IPM module plot. In the present study Kharif and Rabi season recorded highest fruit yield of 288.71 and 307.50 quintals/ha and favorable cost benefit ratio of 1:2.07 and 1: 2.03 was recorded in IPM module plot.

]]> Brinjal, Leucinodes orbonalis, management, IPM module Research Article Sun, 30 Sep 2018 00:00:00 IST Economics of using concentrated organic manures as sources nutrients for cultivation of green chillies (Capsicum annuum L.) In view of the economic importance of organic farming, the present study was taken up to evaluate the economics of using concentrated organic manures for cultivation of green chillies. The experiment consisted of seven treatments, comprising of organic treatment, inorganic treatment, and combination of both organic and inorganic treatment and an absolute control with three replications. Combined application of both organic and inorganic manures through 75 per cent jatropha oil cake, 25 per cent RDF and three per cent foliar spray of panchagavya recorded highest value of net return and Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR).

]]> Oil cakes, organic manure, green chillies, economics Research Article Fri, 29 Jun 2018 00:00:00 IST Efficacy of seed dressing chemicals against seed and soil borne diseases of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) The effect of seed dressing chemicals on cotton seedling stand establishment against soil borne diseases and yield were assessed in field experiment conducted at Cotton Research Station Junagadh Agricultural University Junagadh during 2013, 2014 and 2015. Results of three years pooled data indicated that all fungicidal treatments increase the germination as compare to control. Maximum seed germination percent was recorded to given seed treatment of carboxin 37.5% + thiram 37.5% DS @ 4.5 g/kg seed against seedling diseases of cotton Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium sp. The pooled mortality percent was significantly minimum (5.70%) recorded in treatment Carboxin 37.5% + Thiram 37.5% DS, 4.5g/kg seed, followed by Carboxin 37.5% + Thiram 37.5% DS, 3.5g/kg seed (7.02%) as compare to control(17.70%). The significantly maximum seed cotton yield of 1754 kg/ha was recorded in treatment of Carboxin 37.5% + Thiram 37.5% DS, 4.5g/kg seed, followed by Carboxin 37.5% + Thiram 37.5% DS, 3.5g/kg seed (1712kg/ha) as compare to control1205 kg/ha seed cotton yield. Economical point of view the seed treatment of Carboxin 37.5% + Thiram 37.5% DS(Vitavax power) @ 3.5g/kg seed  was found effective in reducing the  mortality percent of soil borne diseases & highest CBR (1:261.3) with  net return of Rs. 21,212/ha. The most important variable in these experiments was maximum germination percent so that farmer can maintain plant population of cotton.

]]> Cotton, seedling, seed dressing chemicals, seedling rot, root rot and wilt Research Article Fri, 29 Jun 2018 00:00:00 IST Measuring perception and consumption level of agricultural engineering students for medicinal and aromatic plants: a case study for Cukurova University The aim of this study is to measure agricultural engineering students knowledge and consuming habits for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) who are coming from different regions of Turkey.  35 % of respondents family members consume MAPs; furthermore, 45 % of them gather information about MAPs from internet or news. Supermarkets are frequently preferred places for buying MAPs (52 %). Respondents consume these plants especially when they get sick (45%). Peppermint is mostly used for curing the illnesses. Moreover, Thyme is mostly used to prevent illnesses and  Linden is used both for prevention and curement. Another finding is that the difference between students who are taking the course in the university and who are not. It can be said that means if consumers can access information about MAP’s they will increase their consumption.

]]> Medicinal, aromatic plants, consumer, attitude, university students Research Article Wed, 28 Mar 2018 00:00:00 IST Determinant of smallholder plantain farmers participation in market Increased participation of smallholder farmers in the output market shall go a long way in improvement of livelihood and sustainable agricultural development.  However, there is dearth of information about factors influencing market participation of plantain farmers in the study area. Factors influencing participation of Plantain farmers in the output market in two local government areas of Osun state, Nigeria were studied. A multistage stage sampling approach was adopted to select a sample of 97 plantain farmers.  Primary data on socioeconomic characteristics yield and constraints to market participation were collected using semi-structured questionnaires. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Probit regression and Household Commercialization Index (HCI). Findings showed that majority of the farmers (81.4%) participated in Plantain market. Result of the Probit regression revealed that marital status, household size, access to market information, farmer’s age and farm size were the factors influencing participation of the smallholder’s plantain farmers in the market. The most important constraints to market participation in the study area were inefficient transport system and bad road (94%).The study therefore brings to the fore that increasing farm size should be accompanied with appropriate capacity building and deeper knowledge of production and market forces at farmer’s level.

]]> Plantain, output market, probit regression, smallholder farmers Research Article Wed, 28 Mar 2018 00:00:00 IST Effect of fertigation on growth, yield and quality of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) An experiment to know the effect of fertigation on growth, yield and quality of okra. Var COBhH 1 was carried out during the year 2011 to 2013 at the Department of Vegetable Crops, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with six treatments and replicated four times. The treatment combination includes raised bed cultivation, drip irrigation, fertigation, plastic mulch, foliar spray of WSF and micronutrients. The results revealed that okra raised bed + drip irrigation + plastic mulch + fertigation + foliar spray of WSF (19:19:19 @ 10 g/lit. 5 times) + Mixture of all micronutrients (T1) recorded the days to 50% early flowering (43.7days), highest plant height (175.4cm), fruit length(13.8cm), fruit girth (6.48 cm), No. of fruits/plant (25.0), fruit yield/plant (0.466 kg), fruit yield/hectare (201.2.0 q) and economic returns (1.89) when compared to farmers practice (T6) which recorded 155.4 q/ha. Therefore (T1) raised bed + drip irrigation + plastic mulch + fertigation + foliar spray of WSF (19:19:19 @ 10 g/lit. 5 times) + mixture of all micronutrients can be recommended for getting increased growth, flowering and the highest yield for okra under kharif cultivation.

]]> Okra hybrid COBhH 1, fertigation, mulching, foliar application, micro nutrients, growth, yield Research Article Wed, 27 Dec 2017 00:00:00 IST Effect of sugarcane propagation methods and varieties under drip fertigation system A field experiment was conducted in farmer owned land located in Varaghanathi river basin to demonstrate the yield performance of sugarcane varieties grown with chip bud method of propagation in combination with drip fertigation system. The study revealed that sugarcane propagated using chip bud method expressed significant growth performance in sugarcane. The plant height and number of tillers did not express any significant results invariable to method of propagation and varieties. The chip bud method of propagation recorded significantly higher millable cane (74.0), cane girth (3.04cm), cane weight (2.47 kg) and cane yield (135.9 t ha-1) at the time of harvest as compared to sett method. However, average cane yield was significantly higher under variety Co86032 (159.0 t ha-1) as compared to other ruling varieties in the study region. The lowest cane yield was recorded in variety PI 1401. However, there was no interaction observed between the method of propagation and sugarcane varieties. It can be concluded that chip bud method of propagation in sugarcane would increase significant cane yield as influenced sub surface drip fertigation that lower the mortality of canes.

]]> Sugarcane, chip buds, setts and drip-fertigation Research Article Wed, 27 Dec 2017 00:00:00 IST The effect of price distortion on cocoa farmers’ welfare: A partial equilibrium model approach There is a dearth of information on the effect of price distortion on the welfare of cocoa farmers. This study therefore investigated the impact of price changes on cocoa farmers’ welfare. The study was carried out in the Southern Nigeria specifically Ondo, Oyo and Cross River States. Multi-stage random sampling technique was used to select 250 cocoa farmers from the study area and the data collected from the selected respondents were analysed using descriptive statistics and Partial Equilibrium Model (PEM). The result indicated that the mean age of the farmers was 48 years while 80.8% of them had formal education. Furthermore, the result showed that the Net Social Loss in Production (NSLp) was ₦308,411.24 per tonne while Welfare Loss in Production (WLp) was ₦429,432.36 per tonne. The study concluded that the existing policies on agriculture in the study area did not favour cocoa producers.

]]> Price, distortion, welfare, cocoa, farmers Research Article Wed, 27 Dec 2017 00:00:00 IST Integrated weed management practices with botanicals on weed control in cotton Integrated weed management is a system approach where by whole land use planning is done in advance to minimise the very invasion of weeds in aggressive forms and give crop plants a strongly competitive advantage over the weeds. Further, importance is given to involve more than one method of weed control in tackling the weeds so those broad spectrums of weeds are kept under check for longer period. A pre emergence herbicide take care of weeds only for a limited period and do not give long term weed control in a long duration crop like cotton where the problem of late emerging weeds arises and escape killing. So to attain a season long weed control, integration of chemical, mechanical and cultural methods holds a great promise in crop production. Hence, integrated weed management in cotton play important role in increasing crop production. Field experiments were conducted during 2013 and 2014, at Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai (Tamil Nadu Agricultural University) to study the effect of integrated weed management in rainfed cotton. The weed management practices consisted of pendimethalin (1.0 kg.ha-1) and (Calotropis gigantea leaf extract spray at three concentrations (10%, 20%, and 30%) in combination with power weeder operation twice and manual weeding twice. From the results of the experiments, it could be recommended that  the integrated weed management practices like, application of PE pendimethalin at 1.0 kg ha-1 + power weeding on 40 DAS (T11) recorded higher seed cotton yield and economic return.

]]> Economic return, weed density, weed dry weight, yield Research Article Wed, 27 Dec 2017 00:00:00 IST Impact of climate change on Weeds and Weed management – A review Climate change, mostly indicated by Global Warming is resultant of increasing greenhouse gases like CO2, Methane, N2O, Ozone, CFC etc. Atmospheric CO2 has already risen from 285 ppm to 380 ppm during the 20th century with observed increase from 1950s. Scientists agree that the planet’s temperature has risen by 0.5 degree Celsius since 1900 and will continue to increase at an increasing rate. The sea level has been rising at the rate of 2mm a year since the beginning of 20th century. Droughts and floods have become more common. Changes in climatic factors would alter the nature of vegetation and agriculture and it is true especially with the increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration. Most of the earth’s plants respond positively to the atmospheric CO2 enrichment by increasing their photosynthetic rates and biomass production. It is the point of contention, however, that weeds may be more responsive to the ongoing rise in atmospheric CO2 than non-weeds, and therefore they may increase their dominance in agro-ecosystems. In this situation, weeds compete with crops for nutrient, water and light and can considerably reduce yields and quality of crops. In some cases, weeds can pose a human health problem or cause disturbance to the harvest. Hence, the impacts of climate change on weeds and weed management practices are more important aspects in future as that of crop cultivation.

]]> Climate change, atmosphere, weeds, weed management, human health Review Article Wed, 27 Dec 2017 00:00:00 IST Water productivity and profitability of melon based cropping system under drip fertigation and polyethylene mulching Farmers participatory research were conducted melon based cropping system with water melon and muskmelon in 20 hectare area during 2011-12 with an objective to study the water productivity and profitability of growing three melon crops under drip fertigation with polyethylene mulching. Field experiments were conducted at farmers field in Nolambur (Olakkur block and Vadanerkunam (Marakkanam block) Villupuram district of TamilNadu state. The results indicated that yield and quality characters of melons were significantly higher under drip fertigation coupled with mulching practice as compared to drip fertigation alone and or conventional irrigation method. In the first crop (watermelon) recorded highest fruit yield of 38.6 t ha-1 under drip fertigation coupled with polyethylene mulching (T3) as compared to either drip fertigation alone (T2) (31.1 t ha-1) and or farmer practice of furrow irrigation (T1) (21.8t ha-1). Similar trend was followed in second crop (Muskmelon) and third crop (Watermelon Ice box).In three-crop sequence, recorded highest cumulative fruit yield of 136t ha-1, which was 56 per cent yield advantage over the drip fertigation alone. In comparison with the conventional irrigation the yield advantage is more that 247per cent. The cumulative annual crop field analysis indicated that among the treatments drip fertigation combined with polyethylene mulching has increased the annual cost of production that increased the net profit to the maximum level of Rs. 7.59 lakhs ha-1.For the three crops 401 mm of water used under drip fertigation coupled with mulching, the saving was around 88.5 per cent over control and 34.8 per cent over drip fertigation alone.

]]> Irrigation methods, drip fertigation, mulching, watermelon, muskmelon, cropping system Research Article Wed, 27 Dec 2017 00:00:00 IST Mechanization: wayouts for minimising drudgery reduction in rice cultivation On farm experiments on direct seeded rice were conducted in Devakottai, Sakkottai, Thirupathur, Kalayarkoil and Thirupuvanam block of Sivaganga district during Kharif 2013 and Summer 2014 seasons to enhance productivity and net income of rice farmers and these direct seeded rice (DSR) using seed drill demonstration were compared with traditional practices puddle transplanted rice (PTR), machine transplanted rice (MTR), manual broadcasting  followed by tractor harrowing,  manual broadcasting  followed by country plough harrowing and system of rice intensification (SRI). The results of the experiments revealed that the highest yield of 7.42 kg/ha was recorded under DSR method of crop establishment as compared to conventional (manual broad casting (5.94 kg/ha) and PTR (5.7 kg/ha) and other improved practices like machine transplanted rice (6.4kg/ha) and SRI (7.6 kg/ha). The highest net return of Rs. 77,110/ha and benefit cost ratio of 4.98 were observed under DSR method of crop establishment besides minimizing cost of cultivation (Rs.8200/ha, labour saving and crop matured 7 days earlier than PTR.

]]> Direct seeded rice, seed drill, weed, pre monsoon seeding Research Article Wed, 27 Sep 2017 00:00:00 IST Bringing laboratory (soil test kits) to the door steps of small holder Cocoa farmers Fertilizer use on cocoa increases productivity, however soil testing is necessary to avoid negative consequences of blanket fertilizer application. Many of the smallholders cocoa farmers cannot afford conventional soil testing because of cost and logistics involved, hence the need for more affordable and quick soil test kit. The study was carried out in four cocoa producing communities in Ondo and Osun states where cocoa farmers were trained on the use of LaMotte soil test kit to analyse for soil pH, N, P and K. The farmers were also taught on collection and processing of representative soil samples which were analysed using the soil test kit by placing the farmers in groups. The results indicated that farmers in each of the groups got similar values for the soil parameters (pH, N, P and K) measured. The study revealed that the soils of the four cocoa plantations required N, P and K fertilizer application at different levels. The soil test revealed that while the soil of Olorunranmilowo location required as much as 148.58kgK/ha, Ago-Owu location soil only required 31.28kgK/ha . This reflected the importance of soil testing before fertilizer recommendation compared with blanket fertilizer application which does not consider native fertility.

]]> Soil test kits, soil testing, fertilizer, cocoa farmers Research Article Wed, 27 Sep 2017 00:00:00 IST Effect of foliar application of micronutrients on growth, yield and quality of tomato A field experiment was carried out to study the response of tomato to foliar application of micronutrients from 2011 to 2014 at the Department of Vegetable Crops, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. The hybrid COTH 2 was chosen for this study. The results based on three years mean revealed that out of fourteen different treatments, Different combinations of all the micronutrients were applied in three replications. The pooled analysis revealed that among the different combinations. In tomato hybrid COTH 2, spraying of mixture of all micronutrients (Boric acid @100 ppm, ZnSo4 @ 100 ppm, Ammonium molybdate @ 50 ppm. Copper sulphate @ 100 ppm, Ferrus sulphate @ 100 ppm, Manganese sulphate @ 100 ppm) (3 sprays at an interval of 40 days from DAP) recorded the highest plant height (95.7cm), number of fruits per plant (46.4) fruit weight (61.9g), fruit yield per plot (63.5kg) and highest yield of 564.1 q/ ha followed by spraying of commercial formulation (Multiplex) (558.8 q / ha). The highest BC ratio of 3.04 was recorded in Mixture of all treatment which was followed by spraying of Zinc Sulphate @ 100 ppm (3.00).

]]> Tomato hybrid, foliar application, micro nutrients, growth, yield Research Article Wed, 27 Sep 2017 00:00:00 IST Economics of production and utilisation of Jatropha and competing crops in Tamil Nadu: A discounted net return analysis Farmers have been chosen randomly for each of the crop in the blocks concerned in two Development Blocks identified (1. Periyanaicken Palayam in Coimbatore district representing irrigated/semi irrigated Jatropha cultivation and Aruppukkottai in Virudhunagar district representing rainfed system), the following major rainfed /Semi irrigated crops were identified as potentially competing crops. A. Periyanaicken Palayam Block: Crops are 1. Sorghum, 2. Maize, 3. Chickpea,  4. Cowpea; B. Aruppukkottai: crops are 1. Sorghum, 2. Maize, 3. Black gram, 4. Green gram,  5. Groundnut, 6. Sunflower, 7. Sesame, 8. Cotton. The major area for each of the above crops is selected to study the feasibility of jatropha along with other suitable crops through discounted net return analysis. The economic analysis revealed that jatropha was proved to be a loss making crop in the rain fed condition and in the irrigated condition, even while found to be relatively more profitable when compared to many of the competing crops. In the absence a competitive market and lack of flexibility in altering crop composition as in the case of annual crops led to farmer’s preference towards other crops. Jatropha replacing food crops in irrigated conditions will be against the policy of ensuring food security in India. Hence, introduction of new crop must address the mitigation of global warming, creating regional employment, economically viable.

]]> Jatropha, discounted net return analysis, economics Research Article Wed, 27 Sep 2017 00:00:00 IST A review on drip fertigation technology in hybrid chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) Chilli is an important vegetable crop of India and is grown for its pungent fruits, which are used both green and ripe to impart pungency and colour to the food.  India is the largest producer, consumer and exporter of chilli. The yield of chilli under conventional method of cultivation is very low and it can be increased by improved agronomic practices. Among the agronomic practices, nutrient management plays a vital role in determining the yield and quality of chilli. Fertigation is a recent innovative method, by which fertilizers are applied along with irrigation water through drip system to get higher fertilizer use efficiency besides increased yields. Chilli crop requires a balanced fertilizer management for normal growth and development of the crop. It is a heavy feeder of nutrients and higher yield can be sustained only through the application of nutrients at optimum doses in balanced proportion. Moreover, the nutrient requirement of hybrid chilli is high as compared to varieties, which also varies with the growth stages of the crop. Among the various factors responsible for high yield, the use of appropriate quantity of nutrients at proper time plays a vital role in enhancing the productivity.  Hence, planning the nutrient supply according to the phenological stages of development may result in high yield with quality produce. In this context, fertigation technology plays a key role to achieve higher productivity and nutrient efficiency.

]]> Chilli, drip fertigation, nutrient use efficiency, yield, fertilizers Review Article Wed, 27 Sep 2017 00:00:00 IST Effect of metallic pollutants (cobalt, nickel, lead) on growth performance and biomass accumulation of MPT’S Acacia mangium Experiment was conducted to study the effect of metallic pollutants viz., Cobalt, Nickel and Lead on growth performance and biomass accumulation of Acacia mangium a multipurpose tree species. Growth performance studies revealed that the concentrations of Cobalt Chloride significantly affect the shoot and root length, leaf number, Collar diameter and nodulation of growing seedling and found to be decreased with increasing the concentrations of Cobalt chloride. The shoot and root length, leaf number, Collar diameter and nodulation of rhizobium were significantly affected by different concentrations of Nickel Chloride. Different concentrations of Lead Chloride significantly influenced the growth of shoot, root, number of leaves and nodulation and the highest growth performance for all the parameters was seen in control treatment but there was gradual decreased with increasing the concentration. In case of biomass accumulation studies, different levels of Cobalt chloride, Nickel Chloride and Lead chloride in soil showed statistically significant variation in leaves dry matter of above ground parts and below ground parts, total plant along with shoot / root ratio and found control was superior for maximum biomass accumulation.

]]> Cobalt, Nickel, Lead, growth, biomass, Acacia mangium Research Article Tue, 27 Jun 2017 00:00:00 IST Status and the determinants of organic Cocoa production in Nigeria Records have shown worldwide that the use of chemical in cocoa production is predominant. This practice has disastrous effects on both the environment and human’s life. As a result of the side effects, efforts are being made to shift attention from the use of chemicals to the use of organic materials to grow cocoa so as to avert the side effects being created by the use of chemicals. In Nigeria, there has been an information gap regarding the status of organic cocoa production. It is the gap that this study intends to fill, that is, to determine the status of organic cocoa production in Nigeria. Multi-stage random sampling technique was used to select 102 cocoa farmers in the study area. Information was collected from the respondents with the aid of structured questionnaire and the data from the information were analysed using descriptive statistics as well as logit model. The result of the analysis shows that 76.47% of the respondents are age 50 years and below while 70.59% of the respondents are having formal education. Majority (92.08%) of the respondents used chemical to control insects while 1.98% used bio-control method. Also, 90.10% of the respondents used chemical to control disease while 1.98% used bio-control. The result of the logit analysis shows that age of farmers, educational level of farmers and association membership of farmers positively and significantly determined organic cocoa production in the study area. The study recommends that efforts should be put in place to encourage cocoa farmers to use bio-control as it is safer to both the environment and farmers.

]]> Status, organic cocoa, production, logit model Research Article Tue, 27 Jun 2017 00:00:00 IST Evaluation of different planting techniques on paddy yield under agro-ecological zone of Sheikhupura-Pakistan A field experiment was carried out under agro-ecological conditions of Sheikhupura to evaluate different planting techniques for rice cultivation during Kharif-2014 and 2015 at  Adaptive Research Farm, Sheikhupura. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with five treatments, each replicated thrice during both the years. The treatments comprised, transplanting of nursery (Conventional method of sowing), direct seeding (Broadcasting of sprouted seed in puddled soil), direct seeding (Broadcasting of sprouted seed in standing water without pudded soil), direct seeding (Drilling of soaked seed after land preparation in wattar condition) and direct seeding (Broadcasting of soaked seed in dry soil). All other agronomic and plant protection practices were kept uniform throughout the growing season during both the years. Data related to plant height at maturity, number of productive tillers, number of grains per spike, 1000-grain weight and paddy yield was recorded by using appropriate procedures. The results revealed that transplanted rice in puddled soil was better than direct seeded rice sown by all different methods. However, net economic return was lowest in transplanted rice and higher net returns were gained when rice was sown using DSR under agro-ecological conditions of Sheikhupura-Pakistan. It could be concluded that even transplanted rice is better than DSR in terms of reaping higher paddy yield, but DSR could also not be neglected as its economic returns are higher than transplanted rice and is not labour dependent for its timely and proper execution.

]]> Rice, drilling, transplantation, paddy yield Research Article Tue, 27 Jun 2017 00:00:00 IST Performance of growth and yield attributes of rice (Oryza Sativa L.) varieties influenced by plant growth regulators A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of GA3 and NAA on growth, biochemical function, yield attributes and yield of six boro rice varieties during February-May, 2013. The tested rice varieties were BR-2, Poshusail, Jirasail, BRRI dhan28, Lafaya and Nerica-4 and the treatments were Gibberelic acid (GA3)-H1 and Napthelene acetic acid (NAA)-H2 used as plant growth regulators (@100 ppm) sprayed at two times especially vegetative and pre-flowering stages, as well as water was applied as control (H0). Morphological parameters were significant due to application of NAA, maximum plant height (136 cm) at Lafaya and the number of tillers plant-1 (17.67) was found in BRRI dhan28 applied through 100 ppm NAA. The phyto-chemicals, on which grain yield mostly depends on it, particularly protein, proline and chlorophyll content in flag leaves were greatly affected by the application of NAA in comparison to GA3. Yield attributes viz. number of panicles hill-1, percentage of filled grains, 1000-grain weight, grain length and width, grain yield, straw yield, biological yield and harvest index were increased in all the selected rice varieties in both 100 ppm GA3 and NAA. Maximum yield was found in BRRI dhan28 (7.61 tha-1) through application of 100 ppm NAA. Finally it may be concluded that the stimulation rate of NAA was significantly better than the GA3 in response to growth, phyto-chemical function and yield contributing traits.

]]> Boro rice, foliar spray, growth, GA3, NAA, yield Research Article Tue, 27 Jun 2017 00:00:00 IST Evaluation of the status of tea consumption in Nigeria This study investigates the status of tea consumption in the study area. Random sampling technique was used to select Oyo and Ogun States from the Southwestern part of Nigeria where the study was carried out. Three Local Government Areas (LGAs) were randomly selected from the two States while a total of 120 tea consumers were randomly selected from the two States for the study. The information collected from the consumers was analysed using descriptive statistics and multivariate regression model. The result of the analysis shows that tea is consumed mostly by the respondents with the age bracket 31-40 years while consumers who are members of one association or the other consume more tea than those that are non-members. Furthermore, 91.7% of the respondents consume tea showing that tea is widely consumed in the study area and majority (85.8%) of the consumers consumed lipton tea. Majority (72.5%) of the consumers submitted that they consume tea because it is good for their health while 14.2% of the consumers claimed that they consume tea as a stimulant. The factors that significantly determine the quantity of tea consumption in the study area are age of consumer, gender of consumer, household size, frequency of tea consumption, tea purchasing point and the purpose of tea consumption. The study recommended that tea consumers should be sensitized on the need to consume tea on daily basis.

]]> Status, tea, consumption, stimulant, consumers, descriptive Research Article Tue, 27 Jun 2017 00:00:00 IST Challenges and opportunities for increasing rice production in sub saharan Africa Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) faces multiple problems. The main one is improving the lives of the 30% of its population that suffers from extreme poverty and food insecurity. Because of strong demand, rice area expansion in SSA is larger than for any other crop. The abundant supply of agroclimatically suitable wetlands (239 million ha) and water resources can support a large expansion in rice area and productivity. Expansion and intensification of rice cultivation in SSA will not compete with other crops in terms of land and water resources because, during the rainy season, only rice can be grown on low lying wetlands, including inland valleys. Rice is cultivated in four ecosystems of SSA: dryland (38% of the cultivated rice area), rainfed wetland (33%), deepwater and mangrove swamps (9%), and irrigated wetland (20%). Many abiotic stresses (drought, flood, and variable rainfall; extreme temperatures; salinity; acidity/alkalinity and poor soils, soil erosion, and high P fixation) and biotic constraints [weeds, blast, Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV), and African rice gall midge limit rice production on the continent.

]]> Rice, ecosystem, Sub Saharan Africa Review Article Tue, 27 Jun 2017 00:00:00 IST Chemical control of major diseases of chilli by new fungicide molecule SAAF The field trial conducted during October 2011 to January 2012 at TNAU indicated that SAAF @ 562.5 g a.i./ha (or 750 g/ha) dose can effectively control Leaf spot, powdery mildew and  anthracnose or fruit rots diseases of chillies. This dose was at par with higher dose and resulted better yield than other treatments. No phytotoxicity was observed up to the dosage of SAAF @ 1125 g a.i./ha (1500 g/ha) i.e. double of the effective dose.

]]> Chilli, SAAF, leaf spot, anthracnose, powdery mildew Research Article Tue, 28 Mar 2017 00:00:00 IST Competitiveness of tea production and challenges of tea value chain in taraba state, Nigeria There is a need to ascertain the competitiveness of tea production in order to determine the level of its productivity. However, there is a dearth of information on the competitiveness of tea production. Therefore, this study investigated the competitiveness of tea production and the challenges in tea value chain on Mambilla plateau in Taraba State. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 136 respondents from 3 communities on the plateau. Structured questionnaire was used to elicit information from the respondents and the data retrieved from the information collected were analysed using descriptive statistics as well as Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM). The result of the analysis showed that 63.24% of the respondents were 40 years and below while 75.74% of the respondents had primary school education and above. The Private Profitability (PP) of tea production was positive and the Private Cost Ratio (PCR) was less than 1 showing that tea production in the study area was competitive. Lack of finance and fertilizer/pesticides, lack of market demand, lack of access to market and lack of modern equipment were identified as the problems affecting tea value chain in the study area. The study hereby recommended that government needs to assist the farmers financially in order to expand their farms.

]]> Competitiveness, tea, production, challenges, value chain Research Article Tue, 28 Mar 2017 00:00:00 IST Effect of different treatments of fungicides and bioagents on collar rot disease of soybean and its grain yield Soybean is the important source of vegetable oil and proteins and cultivated on a large scale in all over the world. Several yield losses were reported which reduces quality and quantity of seed yield in soybean. Collar rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii is one of the most important disease of soybean and as the pathogen is soil-borne, it is difficult to control with fungicidal and bioagents application. Therefore, the present study was undertaken with 14 treatments of fungicides, bioagents, alone and in combination as seed treatment and soil application in randomized block design replicated thrice to know the effect of these treatments on germination, mortality and grain yield of soybean. The present studies revealed that, seed treatment with carbendazim + Trichoderma viride recorded significantly maximum seed germination (94.44%). Seed treatment with carbendazim + thiram reported minimum per cent mortality (3.33%) with highest per cent disease control (72.43%) while highest grain yield (1808 kg ha-1) was observed with the soil application of Trichoderma viride + Trichoderma harzianum.

]]> Fungicides, bioagents, collar rot, Sclerotium rolfsii, soybean, yield Research Article Tue, 28 Mar 2017 00:00:00 IST Fecundity variation assessment among iso-female lines in three strains of Trichogramma chilonis and Trichogramma pretiosum for parental stock improvement Intra-population variation in reproductive potential offers scope for enhancing the parental stock in mass-reared insect bio control agents. Laboratory cultures of two cold adapted strains of Trichogramma chilonis, along with a local strain and T. pretiosum were studied for such variation in fecundity by evaluating randomly chosen iso-female lines. The indicative fecundity (in first 3 days of adult life) was compared among 10 iso-female lines each among the strains/species. The results showed considerable variation in fecundity among the iso-female lines in Nilgiris, Kodaikanal and local strain of T. chilonis, besides T. pretiosum, from such selective pooling as parental stock, there was enhancement in overall  progeny production capacity by 37.3, 19.7, 28.0 and 21.0,  (for five pairs of adults) in  Nilgiris,  Kodaikanal and local strains of T. chilonis and T. pretiosum,  respectively.
The progeny from the top 3 lines for fecundity were selected for pooling as parental stock leading to enhancing the progeny production capacity by 26 and 15 per cent in the two cold adapted strains, besides 17 per cent for the local strain while for T. pretiosum such enhancement was 19 per cent.  The utility of selecting among iso-female line within Trichogramma species/strains for parental stock improvement in commercial mass production is indicated. This initiative enabled the culturing of strains/ species with more robust genetic base for pursuing future studies on diapause induction in these strains/species.

]]> Trichogramma strains, fecundity enhancement, iso-female lines, parental stock Research Article Tue, 28 Mar 2017 00:00:00 IST Standardization and evaluation of high fibre convenient food from oats flour Extrusion is one of the modern technologies used for the preparation of convenience foods.  It is used worldwide for the production of expanded snack foods, ready to eat cereals, baby foods, pasta and pet foods. The present study focused on the use of oats flour for production of ready-to-cook vermicelli by extrusion technology. Oats vermicelli was developed from blends of oats flour and refined wheat flour at different level of incorporation. The nutritional properties namely, protein, fat, starch and dietary fibre of the oats vermicelli analyzed. The findings of the study revealed that oats vermicelli was on par with control vermicelli in all aspects of studied variables.

]]> Extrusion, high fibre, oats flour, vermicelli Research Article Tue, 28 Mar 2017 00:00:00 IST The potence of mango peel to eradicate micronutrient deficiency “Hidden hunger” is the cry of the day, which is nothing but micronutrient deficiencies.  More than 70% of preschool children consume less than 50% RDA of iron, Vitamin A and riboflavin. Therefore the goal should be to ensure a balanced diet adequate in macro and micronutrients. This could be accomplished only by fortification with the bioactive components. On the contrary conversion of fruit waste into a fortifying agent is less costly. This definitely will pave way for more intakes of bioactive compounds. The food industry produces large volumes of wastes, both solids and liquids, resulting from the production, preparation and consumption of food. Mango is considered to be a fruit with tremendous potential for future. The waste materials such as peels, seeds and stones produced by the fruit processing industry can be successfully used as a source of phytochemicals and antioxidants. Recently, mango peels have attracted considerable attention in the scientific community due to their high content of valuable compounds, such as phytochemicals, polyphenols, carotenoids, enzymes, vitamin E and vitamin C, which have predominant functional and antioxidant properties and also a rich source of dietary fibre, cellulose, hemicellulose, lipids, protein, enzymes and pectin.

]]> Mango peel, micronutrient deficiency, fortification, antioxidant, dietary fibre, fruit waste Review Article Tue, 28 Mar 2017 00:00:00 IST Construction of dehulling machine for improved coffee processing A machine was fabricated for dehulling wet-processed coffee using local materials. It was evaluated at different drum and fan speeds using parchment coffee at 10.7 w.b. moisture content. The results obtained indicated that the dehulling efficiency, bean damage and cleaning efficiency increased as the drum and fan speeds increased between 800 – 1400rpm and 1400 – 1900rpm respectively. However, there was no significant difference in dehulling efficiency and bean damage at these speeds (0.05 sig.), but the cleaning efficiency increased significantly at higher fan speeds. The highest average dehulling efficiency, cleaning efficiency and bean damage were respectively 97.59, 93.30 and 6.17%. High dehulling and cleaning efficiencies and low bean damage obtained indicate that the machine is very appropriate to handle coffee processing. Considering the reasonable performance achieved at wide range of the machine operating conditions, this work has a good prospect for commercial coffee production.

]]> Parchment coffee, dehulling efficiency, cleaning efficiency, bean damage, Nigeria Research Article Thu, 29 Dec 2016 00:00:00 IST Effect of integrated weed management on weeds in cotton Integrated weed management is a system approach where by whole land use planning is done in advance to minimise the very invasion of weeds in aggressive forms and give crop plants a strongly competitive advantage over the weeds. Further, importance is given to involve more than one method of weed control in tackling the weeds so those broad spectrums of weeds are kept under check for longer period. A pre emergence herbicide take care of weeds only for a limited period and do not give long term weed control in a long duration crop like cotton where the problem of late emerging weeds arises and escape killing. So to attain a season long weed control, integration of chemical, mechanical and cultural methods holds a great promise in crop production. Hence, integrated weed management in cotton play important role in increasing crop production. Field experiments were conducted during 2013 and 2014, at Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai (Tamil Nadu Agricultural University) to study the effect of integrated weed management in rainfed cotton. The weed management practices consisted of pendimethalin (1.0 kg.ha-1) and (Calotropis gigantea leaf extract spray at three concentrations (10%, 20%, and 30%) in combination with power weeder operation twice and manual weeding twice. From the results of the experiments, it could be recommended that  the integrated weed management practices like, application of PE pendimethalin at 1.0 kg ha-1 + power weeding on 40 DAS (T11) recorded higher seed cotton yield and economic return.

]]> Weed density, weed dry weight, yield, economic return Research Article Thu, 29 Dec 2016 00:00:00 IST Studies on bio colour extraction from elephant foot yam Colour is an inherent property of foods and it enhances the delicacy of food not only provide flavor and delight appearance, but it also provides information on quality and condition of the food products. The synthetic colours are toxic and they have proved to be harmful to human health and also make it undesirable for human consumption. Consumer awareness and growing concern over the safety aspects of synthetic colours have put the pressure on food processors to adopt natural colours, which are considered to be safe to the consumer. Therefore the attention of food industry has turned to use synthetic colours in food products. Natural food colours are generally extracted from fruits, vegetables, seeds, roots and microorganisms. Natural food colours protect food from oxidation by enzymes. Therefore, they not only enhance the appearance and flavor to the food but also protect the food from oxidation. Many natural colorants are rich in nutrients and antioxidants and their presence in the diet reduces the risk to many diseases. The present study was conducted to extract the bio food colour powder from elephant foot yam by using spray dryer. The colour was extracted with water and acetone as a solvents, different level of maltodextrin (15, 20 & 25%), drying termperature (160, 180 and 200oC) and flow rate (25 & 30 ml per min). The yield recovery 9.3g/100ml was maximum at 180ºC with a flow rate of 25 ml / min at 25 % maltodextrin. The colour value L* was found to be 181.05, a* - 9.33and b* was found to be 56.06. The powder was sensory evaluated and sensory score was recorded as 8.2 thus, natural colorants from foot yam which are rich in nutrients, antioxidants and their presence in the diet reduces the risk to many diseases.

]]> Foot yam, spray drying, flavoured milk, maltodextrin, sensory score Research Article Thu, 29 Dec 2016 00:00:00 IST Management of Soybean defoliators through chemical insecticides Soybean is a fascinating crop with innumerable of not only improving agriculture but also supporting industries. In the present investigation, attempts were made to study the relative efficacy of different insecticides against leaf defoliators.  It was found that, defoliator (Spodoptera litura and Green semi looper) was significantly reduced in plots treated with Quinolphos 25 EC @ 1000 ml/ha followed by Endosulfan 35 EC @ 1000 ml/ha and Chlorantraniliprole (E2Y45) 20 SC @ 200 ml/ha which were at par with each other and the next superior treatments were lambdacyhalothrin 5 EC @ 300 ml/ha, Diflubenzuron 25 WP @ 400 ml/ha, Triazophos 40 EC @ 800 ml/ha  and Indoxacarb 14.5 SL @ 500 ml/ha which were at par with each other. Highest yield was obtained from plots treated with lambdacyhalothrin 5 EC @ 300 ml/ha (2500 kg/ha) followed by Triazophos 40 EC @ 800 ml/ha (2451 kg/ha), diflubenzuron 25 WP @ 400 g ml/ha (2400 kg/ha), Indoxacarb 14.5 SL @ 500 ml/ha (1930 kg/ha) and others.

]]> Soybean, defoliators, chemical insecticides Research Article Thu, 29 Dec 2016 00:00:00 IST Effect of different land configuration on soil moisture, growth and yield of foxtail millet (Setaria italica) under rainfed alfisols Experiment was conducted to study the effect of different moisture conservation practices on soil moisture, growth and yield of foxtail millet under rainfed alfisol during 2014-15. The experiment consisted of seven treatments viz., T1 Broad Bed and Furrow, T2 Compartmental Bunding, T3 Ridges and Furrows, T4 Tied Ridges, T5  Basin Listing, T6 Vertical Mulching and T7  Flat Bed. The soil moisture content ranges from 0.4 per cent to 17.2 per cent and the highest soil moisture of 17.2 per cent was recorded during the flowering stage of the crop growth under tied ridges followed by ridges and furrows (15.5 per cent). The results on yield attributing characters and yield revealed that crop grown under tied ridges followed by ridges and furrows attained fifty per cent flowering stage at 45 DAS and physiologically matured 10 days earlier as compared to other moisture conservation practices. Significantly higher productive tillers plant-1 (16.4), ear head length (22.2 cm) and test weight (3.06 g) were registered with tied ridges treatment and the next best treatment was ridges and furrows. Similarly, grain was significantly higher in tied ridges though it was at par with ridges and furrows and compartmental bunding. Whereas, green fodder yield was significantly higher in tied ridges (6654 kg ha-1) and the next best treatments were ridges and furrows and compartmental bunding. Higher gross returns (Rs 84465 ha-1), returns above variable cost (Rs. 60965 ha-1) with a benefit-cost ratio of 3.6 were recorded with tied ridges.

]]> Soil moisture, drought, in situ, grain and green fodder yield Research Article Wed, 28 Sep 2016 00:00:00 IST Diversity of the family Convolvulaceae in Tripura district One of the grand tasks of current taxonomy is to prepare a checklist of plants of the globe. This paper is based on the collection of angiosperm flora in family Convolvulaceae in particular between 2014 and 2015. The present paper reports 35 species under 9 genera of Convolvulaceae from Tripura district. Ipomoea is the largest genus with 18 species followed by Merremia with 4 species, Convolvulus and Argyreia with 3 species of the family Convolvulaceae. The family comprises annual and perennial, prostrate, twinning and trailing herbs. Moreover, 6 taxa were found to be shrubs.

]]> Argyreia, Diversity, Convolvulaceae family, globe, Tripura district, twinning Research Article Wed, 28 Sep 2016 00:00:00 IST Mechanization in rainfed groundnut through farmer’s participatory approach On Farm Experiment was conducted at Ammayenthal village of Thirupathur block of Sivagangai District, Tamil Nadu during Kharif 2010 season to study the effect of mechanization in rainfed groundnut (decorticator, seed drill sowing) for drudgery reduction against conventional method, foliar nutrition with groundnut consortia and split application of N and K fertilizers on yield and yield attributing characters of rainfed groundnut. The On Farm Experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized block Design with three replications. The soil of the experimental filed was sandy loam in nature. The treatments consisted of two shelling practices viz., farmers practice (manual hand shelling) and shelling through manual decorticator, two crop establishment methods such as manual sowing with country plough and seed drill sowing, two split application of N and K fertilizer viz., farmers practice (full basal) and three splits at basal, flowerings and pegging stage and two foliar nutrition viz.,  farmers practice (foliar spraying of  2.0 per cent DAP at fifty per cent flowering) and foliar nutrition with groundnut consortia at fifty per cent flowering and pegging stage. The results of the on farm experiment revealed that plant density load per unit area, leaf area index, fertility co-efficient, number of pods per plant, pegging percentage, shelling percentage, pod yield and haulm yield was significantly influenced by seed drill sowing, foliar nutrition with nutrient consortia and split application of  N and K fertilizers. Groundnut shelling through manual decorticator had registered the lowest kernel damage and highest plant density per unit area as compared to conventional method of sowing. Whereas, lower yield and yield attributing characters were noticed with farmers practice. Significant interaction between crop establishment methods and nutrient management practices was observed and crop established through seed drill sowing and foliar nutrition with nutrient consortia and split application of N and K fertilizers gave maximum Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) and higher net return as compared to rest of the treatments.

]]> Crop establishment, nutrient consortia, decorticator, split application Research Article Wed, 28 Sep 2016 00:00:00 IST Alterations in the sugar metabolism of black gram (Vigna mungo) genotypes grown under high temperature stress Black gram (Urd bean) is an important pulse crop preferred in South India due to its daily dietary component. Often the productivity is limited by environmental stresses particularly of water, salinity and high temperature. Transitory or constantly high temperatures cause an array of morpho-anatomical, physiological and biochemical changes in plants, which affects the plant growth and development and may lead to a drastic reduction in economic yield. The adverse effects of heat stress can be mitigated by developing crop plants with improved thermo tolerance using various genetic approaches. A thorough understanding of physiological responses of plants to high temperature, mechanisms of heat tolerance and possible strategies for improving crop thermo tolerance is imperative. The sugar metabolism is an important parameter and understanding the thermo tolerance in terms of total carbohydrate and starch content might through light on genotypic variability. Among the nineteen black gram genotypes screened under controlled atmospheric studies have shown that VBG – 06 – 002 has shown promising for heat tolerance as the  carbohydrate content in leaves and starch content in the grains was least affected by heat stress and deserve to be evaluated further. There were only 2.8 and 5.07 per cent reduction in the carbohydrate and starch content due to heat stress when compared other genotypes which have recorded more reduction in both parameters indicating genotypic superiority for heat stress. Based on the biochemical analysis, black gram genotype.

]]> High temperature, Black gram, Total Carbohydrates, Starch Research Article Mon, 27 Jun 2016 00:00:00 IST Efficacy of phyllosphere microorganisms on growth of bhendi Bhendi (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) is an important warm season vegetable crop cultivated in India. It is the world’s largest producer of vegetables next to China. Among the vegetables grown extensively, bhendi found an important place due to their significant nutritional value. Phyllosphere microbes often have a direct positive influence in altering plant surface properties, where they may be involved in the fixation of nitrogen, promoting the growth of plants, control of plant pathogens or the degradation of organic pollutants. The present study was undertaken the microbial population and Azospirillum population in the phyllosphere region of bhendi. Five Azospirillum isolates were isolated from Bhendi Phyllosphere viz., BAZ 1, BAZ 2, BAZ 3, BAZ 4 and BAZ 5 and five strains were characterized as Azospirillum brasilense. These strains were screened for their N2 fixing efficiency and IAA production.

]]> Bhendi, Phyllosphere, Azospirillum brasilense, N2 fixing efficiency, IAA production Research Article Mon, 27 Jun 2016 00:00:00 IST Mutagenic effects of chemical mutagens on tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) Var. Prajwal An investigation on the induction of mutation in tuberose was carried out at the Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, TNAU, Coimbatore with the objective of examining the effect of chemical mutagens viz., Diethyl Sulphate (DES) @ 15, 20, 25 and 30 mM and Ethyl Methane Sulphonate (EMS) @ 30, 45, 60 and 75 mM on bulb sprouting, survival percentage and growth parameters. Lower doses (15 mM of DES and 30 mM of EMS) were found to favour bulb sprouting and growth parameters. In general, variations in floral characters were observed invariably in all the treatments except control. The LC50 values fixed for the chemical mutagens were 25 mM for DES and 60 mM for EMS. It was interesting to observe that lower doses of the mutagens had recorded higher values for morphological and floral parameters than untreated control.

]]> Tuberose, mutation, DES and EMS Research Article Mon, 27 Jun 2016 00:00:00 IST Forms of potassium of representative soil series of sub-montane zone of Maharashtra The representative soil series of order Entisols, Inceptisols and Vertisols collected from agriculture college Kolhapur and different research stations of Sub-montane zone of Maharashtra were assessed for different forms of potassium and its distribution. The water soluble K, Exchangeable K, non-exchangeable K and lattice K contributed 0.23, 2.87, 8.97 and 87.81 per cent of total K, respectively. From the mean values, highest water soluble K,  exchangeable K, non-exchangeable K, lattice K and total K  were noticed in Vertisols followed by Inceptisols and Entisols. The water soluble k and exchangeable K were found higher in surface layer than sub-surface layer. There was no any specific trend noticed with respect to depth wise distribution of different forms of potassium. These representative soil series of Sub-montane zone of Maharashtra were categorized as medium to high in status for non-exchangeable K and low to moderate in status for total K.

]]> Water soluble K, exchangeable K, non-exchangeable K, lattice K, total K and Sub-montane zone Research Article Mon, 27 Jun 2016 00:00:00 IST Potassium release and fixation capacity of representative soil series of sub-montane zone of maharashtra The representative soil series of order Entisols, Inceptisols and Vertisols collected from agriculture college Kolhapur and different research stations of Sub-montane zone of Maharashtra were assessed for potassium release and fixation capacity. The K-fixation in different soils ranged from 78.80 mg kg-1 (Kurkum series of A.R.S., Vadgaon-Maval) to 276.40 mg kg-1 (Koregaon series of A.R.S., Karad). From the mean values, it was observed that Vertisols showed highest K fixation capacity followed by Inceptisols and Entisols. All the soil series were categorized as very low in step K except Koregaon series of A.R.S., Karad of Vertisols. The sub-surface horizon showed higher cumulative step K release than the surface horizon. The step K and constant rate K was highest in Vertisols followed by Inceptisols and Entisols.

]]> Potassium release and fixation, step K, constant K and Sub-montane zone Research Article Mon, 27 Jun 2016 00:00:00 IST Genetics of fertility restoration of ‘Wild Abortive’ system based Cytoplasmic Male Sterility (CMS) in hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) Success in the development of rice hybrids largely depends on the availability of effective restorers and precise basic knowledge on the genetics of fertility restoration of CMS and restorer lines. In a study using twenty diverse restorers and five 'WA' type cytoplasmic genetic male sterile (CMS) line, revealed the fertility restoration to be governed by two major genes with epistatic interactions that differed from crosses to crosses. The inheritance of fertility restoration in CRMS 32A × AD 06084R and ten other cross combinations revealed an F2 segregation ratio of 12:3:1 (FF: SF: CS), indicating the involvement of two dominant genes which exhibit dominant epistasis. In COMS 24A x IET 20899R hybrid, pollen fertility of F2 segregation fell into the digenic ratio 9FF: 3SF: 4CS showed the involvement of digenic supplementary or an epistasis with recessive gene action. F2 segregation ratio of 9:6:1 with two dominant genes which exhibiting epistasis with incomplete dominance was observed in COMS 24A × IET 20898 R and fourteen other cross combinations suggesting the two dominant genes Rf3 and Rf4 seem to control the fertility restoration. The differential mode of action of restorer genes could presumably be due to the influence of the female parent genotype or to the variable expression of the weaker gene in different genetic backgrounds. The differential segregation behaviour could also be due to the existence of certain modifiers influencing the penetrance and expressivity of the fertility-restorer genes.

]]> hybrid rice, fertility restoration, dominant epistasis, incomplete dominance Research Article Mon, 28 Mar 2016 00:00:00 IST Morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris by black rot of cabbage Black rot, the most serious disease of crucifers especially Brassica oleracea var. capitata (Cabbage) causes huge yield losses. Black rot is a systemic vascular disease. Typical disease symptoms are V-shaped yellow lesions starting from the leaf margins and blackening of veins. The cabbage leaves were tested for Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris infection through morphological, physiological and biochemical analysis. The aim of the study was to identify and confirmation of X. campestris pv. campestris in cabbage. The assay of detected X. campestris pv. campestris infections in diseased plants and from bacterial colonies isolated on selective media, and was more sensitive and specific. Among the ten isolates, isolate I6 produced the maximum growth, lesion size and positive growth in different organic and inorganic sources, different biochemical and morphological analysis.

]]> Black rot of cabbage, Xcc, gram staining, morphological and biochemical analysis Research Article Mon, 28 Mar 2016 00:00:00 IST SSR marker diversity analysis for WA cytoplasm based fertility restorer genes of hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) An understanding of genetic diversity among the parental lines is useful in hybrid rice breeding through informed selection of the parental lines to maximize heterosis. Present investigation was carried out to estimate genetic divergence among the 51 restorer and five CMS lines by using 16 simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers co-segregating with fertility restorer genes (Rf3, Rf4 and Rf7) of hybrid rice. Among them, 10 SSRs were found to be polymorphic and the number of amplified fragments ranged from one to five. The highest PIC value (more than 0.60) was observed for eight primers viz., AB 443, RM 3, RM 29, RM 226, RM 228, RM 304, RM 1812 and RM 3873 with average PIC value of 0.444. Cluster analysis using NTSYS generated dendrogram divided all the 56 parental lines into thirteen different clusters 80 % coefficient of similarity. With greater polymorphism revealed by SSR markers, parental lines having the similar genetic background from pedigree information were grouped into different clusters. The combination of pedigree analysis and SSR markers could be a more reliable method to study the diversity and grouping of parental lines of hybrid rice.

]]> SSR markers, Diversity, Restorer lines, Maintainer line Research Article Mon, 28 Mar 2016 00:00:00 IST Optimizing phosphorous dose for higher paddy yield under agro-ecological conditions of Sheikhupura Phosphorus fertilization for getting higher paddy yields is quite necessary owing to its vital role in crop plant development, so a field experiment was conducted to evaluate the appropriate level of phosphorous fertilizer for rice (Super basmati) at Adaptive Research Farm, Sheikhupura during Kharif 2012, 2013 and 2014. Different levels of phosphorous (34, 45, 68, 90, 102 and 136 kg ha-1) were used as treatments in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replications. The crop was sown using traditional transplanting method during 1st week of July every year. All other agronomic practices were kept uniform for the entire growth season every year. Data related to agronomic parameters including plant height, number of productive tillers, number of grains per spike, 1000-grain weight and paddy yield was recorded using standard procedures. Results revealed that 90 kg ha-1 phosphorous was the most appropriate dose for getting maximum paddy yield under agro-ecological conditions of Sheikhupura.

]]> phosphorous, paddy, rice, fertilizer Research Article Mon, 28 Mar 2016 00:00:00 IST Efficacy of biocontrol agents, plant extracts and organic amendments against black rot of cabbage caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris Cabbage is one of the most popular winter cruciferous vegetables grown in India. It is mostly cultivated in cool places and hence, the crop is mostly affected by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) (Pammel) causes black rot disease worldwide. Increased usage of different chemicals based products to control these pathogens have resulted in problems like residual effect of chemicals in agri-based products and also increased resistance for chemicals in target pathogens and environmental pollution. The crude extracts of some well-known botanicals, biocontrol agents and organic amendments are used to control some of the plant pathogens.  The results of botanicals the leaf extract of Datura stramonium (10%) was maximum inhibition and minimum inhibition of Ocimum basilicum were recorded. Whereas, the biocontrol agents of Streptomyces spp and Trichoderma viride showed maximum inhibition zone were effective against the growth of Xcc.

]]> Black rot of cabbage, antibacterial activity, plant extracts, biological agents Research Article Tue, 29 Dec 2015 00:00:00 IST Safety evaluation of Emamectin benzoate 5 WG against predatory coccinellid in Okra eco-system Two field experiments on okra (Cv: Shakti) were conducted, at Nathapatti (I season : July 2012 to October 2012) and Pazhayasukkampatti (II season : December 2012 to March 2013) of Tamil Nadu to evaluate the safety of new formulation Emamectin benzoate 5 WG at different doses (100, 125 and 150 g/ha) against the standard check, Emamectin benzoate 5 SG (135 and 170 g/ha), Lambda cyhalothrin 5 CS (300 ml/ha) and Pyridalyl 10 EC at 500 ml/ha for their safety to coccinellid predators in okra eco-system. Observation on the population of coccinellid was recorded prior to spraying and at 5 and 10 days after each spraying from ten randomly selected plants in each replication and untreated check. The results showed that Emamectin benzoate 5 WG was found to be safer to coccinellidat all concentrations tested. The highest population recorded in plots treated with Emamectin benzoate 5 WG at 100 g/ha followed by Emamectin benzoate 5 WG at 125 g/ha, respectively.

]]> Coccinellid, Emamectin benzoate 5 WG, Okra, Safety Research Article Tue, 29 Dec 2015 00:00:00 IST Cooking quality and physico-chemical characteristics analysis for drought tolerant hybrids in rice Rice is a food crop of world-wide importance and forms the foundation of the diet of over 3 billion people, constituting over half of the World’s population. The best performing five hybrids with respect to the single plant yield and their parents were analysed for cooking quality and physico-chemical characteristics. The cross combination, ADT 43 x Anna (R) 4 with the high milling per cent of 50 had medium slender grains with KLAC of 9.55 mm. The LER is also less than 2.00 (0.58), with intermediate gelatinization temperature and amylose content. It had desirable feature of soft gel consistency.

]]> Quality, gelatinization, amylose and gel consistency Research Article Sun, 27 Sep 2015 00:00:00 IST Identification and quantification of antifungal compounds from medicinal plants by HPLC method The quest for plants with medicinal properties continues to receive attention as scientist survey plants, particularly with ethnobotanical, significance for complete range of biological activities ranges from antibiotic to anti-tumor. The anti-microbial compounds present in medicinal plants are degradable and selective in their toxicity and so they are considered as valuable ingredients for controlling plant diseases caused by virus, bacteria and fungi. The antifungal compounds of two medicinal plants viz., Lantana camara and Bougainvillea glabra was extracted by using ethyl acetate. Active spots identified by thin layer chromatography assay and were further purified using preparative HPLC. The purified compounds were subjected to chemical analysis and found to contain phenolic group of compounds. HPLC purified Lantana camara ethyl acetate extract was found to be more active against Pythium aphanidermatum than the Bougainvillea glabra extract. The compound was further analysis and confirmed by GCMS. The partially purified phenolic compounds can be used against plant pathogens. However further study in the purified compounds must be under taken to validate the results.

]]> plant species, pathogens, chromatogram, chemical compounds Research Article Sun, 27 Sep 2015 00:00:00 IST Character association analysis in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) A line x tester analysis was carried out with seven lines and five testers of sesame genotypes in respect of ten quantitative traits for association study to assess the relationship among yield and its components for selection criteria Observations were recorded on ten traits viz days to 50% flowering, plant height, number of branches per plant, number of capsules on main stem, number of capsules on branches, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, 1000 seed weight, oil content and single plant yield. Character association analysis revealed an intensive selection in the positive side for number of capsules on main stem, number of capsules on branches will improve the seed yield since these traits expressed significantly positive correlation with seed yield and among themselves.

]]> Sesamum, lines, testers, character association Research Article Sun, 27 Sep 2015 00:00:00 IST Response on callusing and regeneration of two quality rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties The present investigation was carried out to study the response of two quality rice varieties viz., White Ponni and BPT 5204. This study focused to evaluate the genotypes for their callus induction frequency, relative growth rate of callus and regenaration capacity using Murashige and Skoog medium. Among the two varieties under investigation, the mean callus induction percentage, embryogenic callus induction percentage and relative growth rate of callus was higher in BPT 5204 when compared to White Ponni. BPT 5204 was more responsive for tissue culture than White Ponni.

]]> Rice, Somaclone, callus, White Ponni and BPT 5204 Research Article Sun, 27 Sep 2015 00:00:00 IST Effect of graded levels of fly ash with SSB and FYM on the incidence of stem borer (Scirpophaga incertulas) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in rice (Oryza sativa L.) Field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of graded levels of fly ash with SSB and FYM on the incidence of rice stem borer (Scirpophaga incertulas) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in rice crop in low and high Si soils under split plot design. The graded levels of fly ash incorporated in soil at five levels (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 t/ha) one week before crop transplantation. It was found that fly ash had significant influence on the stem borer population over the control. On an average, with respect to borer incidence, higher dose of fly ash @ 100 t ha-1 markedly decreased infestation (16.9%) while, applications at 25 and 50 t ha-1 permitted slightly more dead hearts incidence, but differed significantly from control. In main plot treatments application of SSB + FYM recorded 16.1 per cent of stem borer incidence. In interaction application of fly ash @ 100 t ha-1 with SSB + FYM reported less per cent of dead hearts. Application of fly ash @ 100 t/ha had significant effect with meagre pest incidence of 11.6 per cent. Besides application of SSB and SSB+FYM alone played a major role in maintaining ETL of stem borer. The present study implies that due to suppressive effects of Si and K present in fly ash the incidence of the rice stem borer mitigated at crop vegetative stage and the use of soil incorporation strategy can create an unfavourable condition for pests to survive.

]]> Rice, Scirpophaga incertulas, management, fly ash, SSB and FYM Research Article Sun, 28 Jun 2015 00:00:00 IST Genetic diversity analysis in advanced lines of rabi sorghum based on root, charcoal rot and biochemical components An investigation was carried out in 23 advanced lines of sorghum along with M-35-1, Muguthi, E-36-1 and SPV-86 as check varieties. Various genetic diversity parameters were studied for 14 quantitative characters viz., Root Length, Root Spread, Seminal Roots, Adventitious Roots, Fresh Root Weight, Root Volume, Dry Root Weight, Seed Yield per Plant, Fodder Yield per plant, Charcoal rot Lodging per cent, Mean Node Crossed, Mean Length Spread, Phytic Acid and Inorganic Phosphorus. Twenty Seven sorghum lines were analyzed for D2 analysis. They grouped into 6 different clusters. Cluster I was largest with seven genotypes followed by cluster II and V with six genotypes. Whereas cluster III consisted of four genotypes, while two genotypes were present in cluster IV and cluster VI. The intra cluster distance was maximum in cluster V followed by cluster   III and   cluster   II. Whereas inter clusters distance was maximum between cluster IV and cluster VI.  All two genotypes from cluster IV were characterized by high root length, fresh root weight, dry root weight, less charcoal rot infection of both Mean Node Cross and Mean Length Spread. While cluster VI was characterized by root volume and high inorganic phosphorus. These characters are important with respect to overall improvement seed yield combining with charcoal rot resistance and high inorganic phosphorus in sorghum. Crosses among genetically diverse genotypes are likely to throw desirable recombinants. Therefore crossing between the genotypes belonging to cluster IV (GS 21 and Muguthi) and cluster VI (GS-14 and M-35-1) might be useful for identifying recombinants for high yield potential in segregating generations.

]]> Sorghum, Roots, Charcoal rot, Phytic acid, Inorganic phosphorous Research Article Sun, 28 Jun 2015 00:00:00 IST Popping and flaking characteristics of sorghum varieties and their inter correlations analysis A total number of 39 genotypes were evaluated for popping characters and 53 genotypes were evaluated for flaking traits which are released varieties, Hybrids and improved cultures. Observations on 500 grain weight, grain volume, density of the grains volume of the grain after imbibitions, diameter of the grains, 500 popped grain weight, number of unpopped grains, diameter of the popped grains, density of popped grains and volume of the flour per kilogram of grain were recorded for popping qualities and observations on 500 grain weight, grain volume, density of the grains diameter of the grain, 500 flaked grain weight, diameter of the flaked grain, volume of 500 flaked grains and density of the flaked grains were recorded for flaking traits. Based on the mean performance the entries TKSV 0802, TKSV 0808 and TKSV 0809 are promising for popping characters and TKSV 0801, TKSV 0804, TKSV 0809, TKSV 0816, TNS 607, TNS 618, Co (S) 28,  K 4 TWC 100 and TWC 120 are promising for flaking traits. A strong positive correlation were noticed for all the popping traits with volume of flour for ½ kilogram of grains except 500 popped grain weight for which a non significant positive correlation were noticed. A significant positive correlation were noticed  with density of the flaked grains and grain volume, density of grains, diameter of grains and volume of 500 flaked grains. The above results enable to screen and identify sorghum genotypes suitable for popping and flaking types from a large number of genotype cultivated in the country.

]]> Jowar, physical quality, physiological, popping, flaking, inter correlations Research Article Sun, 28 Jun 2015 00:00:00 IST Evaluation of different districts of Tamil Nadu to mine out seasonal soil moisture stress based on moisture index for crop planning By utilizing the Southwest and Northeast monsoon seasonal rainfall data of 90 years (1911-2000) of 32 districts of Tamil Nadu leaving Chennai district, combo analyses (combined analysis) were made  between moisture index values to find out the seasonal soil moisture stress status by using Thornthwaite and Mather (1955) moisture index.   Paired t- test and correlation tools were used to evaluate the link between the two seasonal moisture stresses. The results on combo analysis made from moisture indices of both Southwest monsoon and Northeast monsoon of the same year, it was found from the paired t-test analysis that all the districts except Coimbatore did vary for their soil moisture status, while it was inferred from the results of correlation analysis that, all the districts did not vary for soil moisture stress except the district Perambalur. In respect of combo analysis made between the moisture indices of Northeast Monsoon of the previous year and the Southwest Monsoon of the succeeding year, the result from paired t- test revealed the similar findings that were observed for the combo analysis made between both Southwest monsoon and Northeast monsoon of the same year. In respect of correlation study except Tirunelveli district, the entire district did not vary significantly. Accordingly, crop plan agenda is suggested from the literature.

]]> Southwest monsoon rainfall, Northeast monsoon rainfall, moisture index, crop plan, Paired t-test Research Article Sun, 28 Jun 2015 00:00:00 IST Degrading phenolic compounds and exhausting food reserves stored in the tubers of Cyperus rotundus L. with hydrolytic enzyme Cyperus rotundus is one of the world worst weeds causes hundred per cent yield loss at times. Killing the mother tubers with the foliar applied herbicide prevent the translocation of herbicides to the secondary and tertiary tubers. Further the tubers can survive during adverse weather condition due to the presence of phenolic compounds and the food reserve.  Hence an experiment was carried out with hydrolytic enzyme to degrade the phenolic compounds (germination inhibitor), to stimulate the germination and exhaust the food reserve in the tubers of weeds to kill before emerging. In the first attempt four different concentration of alpha amylase (50, 100, 150 and 200 ppm) and three different durations (6, 12 and 24 hours) were evaluated. In the second attempt six different concentrations (250, 500, 750, 1000 and 1250 ppm) of alpha amylase were tested for 72 hours. The biochemical parameters namely starch (Anthrone method), amylose (Rapid method) and phenols (Spectrophotometric method) were recorded at hourly intervals and viability of the tubers was tested following tetrazolium test. In the present study, it is observed that treating the tubers of purple nut sedge with alpha-amylase at 200 ppm recorded the minimum content of starch (50 mg g-1) and maximum content of amylose (39 mg g-1) after 24 hours of soaking. Alpha-amylase acts on starch and breaks into glucose molecules, which may be due to the hydrolysis of starch to glucose and maltose by the alpha amylase enzyme. Soaking of alpha-amylase enzyme at 1250 ppm has recorded the minimum content of starch of 32 and 39 mg g-1 in the whole as well as cut tubers, respectively. Thus the hydrolytic enzyme, alpha-amylase effectively degraded the food reserve leading to death of tubers before emerging out.

]]> alpha amylase, germination, phenols, purple nut sedge, starch, tubers, weeds Research Article Sat, 28 Mar 2015 00:00:00 IST Genetic diversity studies in thermosensitive genic male sterile lines in rice (Oryza sativa L.) Genetic divergence of twenty eight Thermo-sensitive Genic Male Sterile lines in rice was studied for twelve characteristics.  Among the traits studied, panicle exertion contributed the most for the genetic diversity of TGMS lines followed by spikelet fertility and stigma length.  The TGMS lines were grouped into twelve clusters, of which cluster VII with five genotypes was the largest and cluster XII was the smallest with one genotype.  The intra cluster distance ranged from 0.00 (cluster XII) to 15.51 (cluster VII).  The inter cluster distance was found to be the highest between clusters III and XII (28.16). When the cluster mean was compared for twelve traits observed, cluster II and X expressed low pollen fertility of less than 1.0 per cent and spikelet fertility of less than 4.0 per cent.  The clusters I, VI and XII recorded the pollen fertility of less than 90 per cent, whereas the clusters VIII, III and IX expressed pollen fertility of 80 per cent and above.  The entries in cluster X had more than 80% of panicle exertion with more than 20o as angle of glume opening.  The stigma length was high with moderate number of spikelets per panicle and panicle length.  Since the TGMS lines in cluster X had more number of desirable traits, they can be effectively utilized for heterosis breeding in rice.

]]> diversity, rice, TGMS lines Research Article Sat, 28 Mar 2015 00:00:00 IST Effect of total electrolyte concentration and sodium adsorption ratio on degree of dispersion of salt affected soils in Maharashtra, India The present investigation was carried out in the Purna valley of Vidarbha region of Maharashtra to study the effect of sodium adsorption ratio with total electrolyte concentration and on degree of dispersion of salt affected soils in Maharashtra. The sampling was done in the month of October, 2013. The soil samples were taken from two sites; at the depth of 0-20 cm (surface soil) and 20- 40 cm (sub-surface soil) respectively. For equilibration of soil samples the synthetic waters were prepared with 4 levels of total electrolyte concentrations (TEC) i.e. 10, 20,40,80 meL-1 with three levels of SAR viz., 5, 10 and 15 mmol1/2L-1/2. Electrolyte concentrations significantly affect the degree of dispersion. With increasing electrolyte concentration degree of dispersion decreases which usually increase the permeability of the soil. Dispersed clay particles clogged the micro pores which ultimately affect the hydraulic conductivity of the soil.

]]> Total electrolyte concentration, Sodium adsorption ratio, Swelling Percentage, Mean weight diameter Research Article Sat, 28 Mar 2015 00:00:00 IST Physical quality characteristics of high yielding two-line hybrids in rice (Oryza sativa L.) The physical quality characteristics of rice grains are important indicators of grain yield. Grain quality characteristics were studied for fifteen promising hybrids along with its parents. Hulling percent ranged between 68.75 % to 88.70 %. The hybrids namely TS09 22 X CO 43, TS09 22 X CB05/501, TS09 22 X T1408.10, TS09 410 X ADT 38 and TS09 410 X WGL 14 had the highest values of hulling, milling and head rice recovery percentage. Highest kernel length of 5.80 mm was observed in TS09 12 X CB05 911/884. Among all the hybrids analyzed, two hybrids viz., TS09 12 X CB05 911/884 (5.80mm) and TS09 22 X T1408.10 (5.60mm) were seen with medium kernel length category. Out of fifteen hybrids observed, three hybrids were found with medium kernel breadth. Comparing the Length /Breadth ratio, the hybrids namely TS09 22 X T1408.10, TS09 28 X CO 43 were categorized under the medium slender type.

]]> Rice, Hulling, Milling, Head Rice Recovery and Kernel length Research Article Sat, 28 Mar 2015 00:00:00 IST Evaluation of metamifop for grass weeds control in direct seeded rice Field experiment was conducted to evaluate the bio-efficacy of Metamifop 10 EC and its phytotoxicity and residues in direct seeded rice. The treatments comprised of different weed management practices viz., metamifop 10 EC at 50, 75, 100 and 125 g a.i ha-1 at 2-3 leaf stage of weeds; metamifop 10 EC at 50, 75, 100, 125 and 200 g a.i ha-1 at 5-6 leaf stage; Pre-emergence application of pretilachlor S at 0.45 kg a.i ha-1 as pre emergence with one hand weeding on 30 - 35 DAS ; cyhalofop butyl 10 EC at 100 g ai ha-1 as post emergence herbicide at 15 DAS: weed free check and unweeded control. The common weeds of the experimental field consisted of grasses, sedges and broad leaved weeds (BLW). Application of metamifop 10 EC at 125 g ai ha-1 sprayed at 2-3 leaf stage was comparable with pretilachlor S at 0.45 kg a.i ha-1 as pre emergence with one hand weeding on 30 - 35 DAS in the control of grasses at 30 and 60 DAS. Metamifop 10 EC at 125 g a.i ha-1 at 2-3 leaf stage and metamifop 10 EC at 200 g a.i ha-1 at 5-6 leaf stage was better in controlling grass weeds than pretilachlor S at 0.45 kg a.i ha-1 as pre emergence with one hand weeding on 30-35 DAS at  30 DAS.  For direct seeded low land rice post-emergence application of metamifop 10 EC at 2-3 leaf stage was found to be effective in controlling grass weeds than application of metamifop 10 EC at 5-6 leaf stage. Metamifop 10 EC at 125 g a.i ha-1 at 2-3 leaf stage was found to be best in controlling grass weeds.

]]> Direct seeded, rice, Metamifop 10 EC Research Article Sat, 28 Mar 2015 00:00:00 IST Screening for shoot fly resistance in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) The present study was carried out with 26 derived lines for shoot fly resistance and three checks, to estimate the various variability parameters and heritability. Two sets of planting were done, first planting was done to record observations on yield and yield contributing traits. Second planting was done for screening of shoot fly reaction under artificial epiphytic conditions; late planting technique and infector row technique were used for creating sufficient shoot fly pressure. The analysis of variance revealed that significant difference among genotypes for all the traits, suggesting presence of wide range of variation among the genotypes for all the characters under study. Mean values for the lines AKENT - 101, AKENT - 104, AKENT - 107, AKENT - 117, AKENT - 123, AKENT – 125 and IS 18551, showed shoot fly reaction, these lines exhibiting comparatively low number of eggs per plant, minimum  dead  heart  count, low chlorophyll content index and high trichome density per mm2. High heritability (broad sense) was recorded for trichome density per mm2 due to high additive gene action.

]]> Atherigona soccata, Sorghum bicolor, sorghum shoot fly, variability, heritability, genetic advance Research Article Sat, 28 Mar 2015 00:00:00 IST Heterosisanalysis for grain yield and yield component traits in rice (Oryza sativa L.) An investigation in rice was undertaken to study the nature and magnitude of heterosis for yield and yield component traits involving ten high yielding lines and three superior grain quality testers and thirty hybrids were developed through line x tester mating design. Observations were recorded for days to 50% flowering, plant height, number of productive tillers per plant, panicle length, number of filled grains per panicle, hundred grain weight and single plant yield. Significant heterosis for grain yield and yield component traits were observed in most of the hybrids. Nine hybrids exhibited positive and significant heterosis over standard check but six crosses over better parent for single plant yield plant. Standard heterosis and heterobeltiosis for grain yield ranged from -15.64 to 20.04% and -23.75 to 15.50%, respectively. A total of four hybrids viz., ADT 39 x I.W.Ponni, ADT 43 x I.W.Ponni, ADT 49 x I.W.Ponni and CO (R) 50 x I.W.Ponni were recorded higher grain yield over both better parent and standard check and were identified as best hybrids for exploiting hybrid vigor. Most of the heterotic crosses for grain yield per plant were accompanied by heterosis for two or more component traits.

]]> rice, line, tester, heterosis, yield Research Article Sat, 28 Mar 2015 00:00:00 IST Biobase synthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaf extract of Calotropis procera Development of biologically inspired experimental process for the synthesis of nanoparticles is an important branch of nanotechnology. Biosynthesis of nanoparticles using plant extracts is currently under exploitation. In view, the present work on synthesis of silver (Ag) nanoparticles using biomolecules from leaf extract Calotropis procera was investigated. The complete reduction of silver ions was noticed after 48 h of reaction at 300C under shaking condition. Synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, XRD and SEM. The silver nanoparticles were predominately spherical in shape and polydispersed in nature with an average size of 55 nm.

]]> Synthesis, Ag nanoparticles, Biomolecules, Calotropis procera Research Article Sat, 28 Mar 2015 00:00:00 IST Characterization of cry Genes from Native Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) isolates In this study, cry genes were amplified by cry4 gene primers from the isolates of Bt-23, Bt-133, Bt-190, and Bt-242 and sequences was carried out. Different computer algorithms were used to analyze the nucleotide sequences obtained from the isolates Bt-23, Bt-133, Bt-190 and Bt-242. Homology search of nucleotide sequences obtained from isolates Bt-23, Bt-133, Bt-190, and Bt-242 with showed homology with cry4A, cry4D, cry4BLB and other dipteran specific insecticidal genes, There were five open reading frames in Bt-23cry4, with the longest one located on +3 strand starting from base 279 to 683, having a length of 405 bases. The A+T and G+C base pair composition was 60.6 per cent and 39.4 per cent in  Bt-23cry4, while Bt-133cry4 A+T was 61 per cent and G+C was 38.8 per cent. Bt-190cry4 was comparatively rich in A+T (64.3%) among all sequences with very low G+C (35.7%). In contrast, Bt-242cry4 was comparatively low in A+T content (57.2%) than the other gene sequences.

]]> Bacillus thuringiensis, cry4 gene, nucleotide sequences, Open reading frame Research Article Sat, 28 Mar 2015 00:00:00 IST A need of heterosis in mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) for the pulses crop improvement-special review Heterosis is a complex phenomenon manifested in the superiority of a hybrid in one (or) more characters over its parents. In other words, heterosis refers to increase in fitness and vigour over the parental values. Heterosis is the increase in vigor that is observed in progenies of matings of diverse individuals from different species, isolated populations or selected strains within species or populations. Heterosis has been of immense economic value in agriculture and has important implications regarding the fitness and fecundity of individuals in natural populations. Considering mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek), a pulse crop which is self-pollinated, little work has been done on heterosis. This genetic tool is the basic mechanism in developing mungbean cultivars with high yielding potentials. The increase in pulses production volume comes mainly from the increase in mungbean cultivated area. A possible breakthrough for this production limitation is to exploit hybrid vigor of the F1 for possible production of hybrid varieties. The magnitude of hybrid vigor is normally presented in terms of heterosis (superiority of the F1 hybrid over its parental mean) and heterobeltiosis (superiority of the F1 hybrid over its better parent). Existence of a significant amount of dominance variance is essential for undertaking heterosis breeding programme.

]]> mungbean, heterosis, heterobeltiosis, hybrid, yield, crop improvement Review Article Sat, 28 Mar 2015 00:00:00 IST Isolation and Characterization of Phosphate solubilising Burkholderia spp from the crops rhizosphere It is an important trait in plant growth-promoting bacteria the ability to solubilize and mineralize insoluble inorganic phosphate compounds, making the element available for plants. High populations of phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) will increases the P uptake by plants and reduce the application of organic fertilizers. In this study, a total of 14 PSB isolates from rhizosphere of maize, cotton, ragi, rice, turmeric, sugarcane, cowpea and green gram were tested for the mineral phosphate solubilizing (MPS) activities in Hydroxy Apatite (HAP)  broth by analyzing the soluble-P content after 72 h of incubation at 30oC. The ‘P’ solubilising ability of SGN 1 was found to be 35.56 mg/100ml isolated from sugarcane rhizosphere soil.  SGN 1 which was showing higher phosphate solubilizing ability in HAP broth was selected for molecular characterization with amplifying and sequencing of 1.3 kb 16S rRNA gene. Based on the BLASTn homology it was found that PSB sugarcane isolate SGN1 having 95% identity with showed 99% homology with Burkholderia thailandensis.

]]> Isolation, Burkholderia thailandensis, Phosphate solubilizing, Rhizosphere Research Article Tue, 30 Dec 2014 00:00:00 IST Evaluation of hybrid rice for variability and yield contributing characters under Allahabad climatic condition Rice is the most important food crop after wheat and maize. India, the home of rice, has nearly one third of the world’s rice acreage but still suffers from a chronic shortage of the cereal. The knowledge of genetic variability in a given crop species for characters under improvement is important in any plant breeding programme. Heritability with genetic advances is more helpful in predicting the gain under effective selection. Genetic parameters for yield and its correspondent characters in rice were estimated from a trial with 36 rice hybrids evaluated for eighteen characters related to yield. Analysis of variance revealed high significant differences for all the 18 characters studied. Phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was higher than genotype coefficient of variation (GCV) for all the characters indicating the little influence of environment on the characters. All the qualitative characters depicted high estimates of heritability, which indicates preponderance of additive gene action in the inheritance of these characters. High to moderate degree of genetic advance was observed for number of filled grains per panicle followed by biological yield per plant. Therefore, the results suggest that these characters can be used for grain yield selection.

]]> Rice, Genetic variability, Heritability, Genetic advance, Oryza sativa and Grain yield Research Article Tue, 30 Dec 2014 00:00:00 IST Effect of drying methods on physical and chemical characteristics of dried Byadagi chilli The effect of drying methods and pre-treatments on the quality of dried Byadagi chilli (Capsicum annuum Linn.) were investigated. The temperature of open yard sun drying around 37°C and solar tunnel drying around 60°C was used. The quality parameters viz., moisture content, colour (L*, a*, b* values), ascorbic acid content, capsaicin content, titrable acidity and aflatoxin content. The solar tunnel-dried (STD) sample gave more bright-red colour and contained higher ascorbic acid content than the open yard sun-dried (OYSD) samples (P<0.05). The aflatoxin content was monitored using Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA). The Byadagi chilli dried in solar tunnel dryer showed less aflatoxin content than open yard sun drying. In addition, the unique visible attributes in the STD and OYSD samples were bright and dull, respectively.

]]> Drying chilli, quality, ascorbic acid, capsaicin, aflatoxin Research Article Tue, 30 Dec 2014 00:00:00 IST Influence of climate on yield of cocoa over Vellanikkara, Thrissur, Kerala A study was undertaken to study the effect of weather parameters on yield cocoa over Vellanikkara, Thrissur, Kerala. The monthly cocoa yield of the Cadbury – KAU Co-operative Research Project farm were collected for 100 trees from 1991-2007. The weather data for the above period was also collected and pooled according to the cocoa yield data. The mean peak harvest was noticed during May (6.2 pods/tree), followed by March (5.2 pods/tree) while less in February (2.7 pods/tree). The coefficient of variation was very high (48.7 – 124.5 %) in monthly pod yield of cocoa while it was less (23.2 %) in the case of annual yield of cocoa. The mean seasonal pod yield was more during the summer (5.0 pods/tree), followed by Northeast monsoon season (4.1 pods/tree). The results indicated that there was an inverse trend between the annual rainfall and cocoa yield. Wherever the annual rainfall was very high, the annual cocoa yield was low. In the case of temperature, the maximum temperature from January to March had a profound negative influence on annual cocoa yield. From the above it can be inferred that high maximum temperature from January to middle of March together with high rainfall during the rainy season appeared to be detrimental for obtaining better yield in cocoa.

]]> Climate variability, cocoa, rainfall, temperature, yield variability Research Article Tue, 30 Dec 2014 00:00:00 IST Zeolite-based slow release nanoformulation influencing soil fertility A pot culture experiment was conducted to assess the relative performance of fertilizer composites developed using conventional fertilizers and zeolite based nano formulations in the recommended proportions of N, P, K, S, Zn, B and Mo using greengram as test crop. The plants were fertilized with 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 % of the conventional or nano-fertilizer formulations. Before fortification the Zeolite were subjected to size reduction and modified by using hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, a cationic surfactant, to modify its surface to increase its capacity to retain anions. During the experiment soil samples were collected and assessed for its nutrient status besides biochemical properties and microbial population. The result shows that the physical and chemical properties of conventional fertilizer applied and nano-fertilizer formulation applied soils were significantly differs in terms of bulk density, particle density, porosity, pH, EC and CEC. The biochemical properties such as water soluble carbon and biomass carbon then biological properties like microbial populations in soils are measured in end of the experiment shows the significant response to added conventional or nano-fertilizer. Pot culture study also confirms that the soil available nutrients responded well for nano-zeolite. Higher biological activities in nano-fertilizer fertilized soil reached within 25 or 50% of the nanofertilizer in comparison to conventional fertilizer.

]]> Nano-fertilizer, Soil fertility, Zeolite, Fortification Research Article Tue, 30 Dec 2014 00:00:00 IST