Urban flooding is an escalating threat driven by climate change, rapid urbanization, and altered land use patterns, resulting in increased impervious surfaces and disrupted hydrological cycles. Globally, flood risks have intensified due to rising temperatures and shifting precipitation patterns. Urban populations continue to grow, increasing the vulnerability and exposure of cities to flood hazards. In India, urban centers face frequent flood disasters with significant economic and social impacts. This study reviews recent advances in urban flood modeling, focusing on climatic and land-use influences, with applications of models such as PCSWMM, HEC-HMS, and coupled 1D-2D hydrodynamic approaches. Climate scenarios from IPCC’s latest reports and urban growth projections are integrated to assess future flood risks. Additionally, flood mitigation strategies, including Low Impact Development (LID) practices like detention ponds, permeable pavements, and green roofs, are evaluated for their effectiveness in reducing flood peaks and volumes. Case studies from Indian cities demonstrate the critical need for sustainable urban water management and adaptive infrastructure to enhance resilience against the increasing threat of urban floods induced by climatic and anthropogenic factors.
Urban Flooding, Climate Change Modeling, Hydrological Modeling, Flood Risk Assessment, Low Impact Development (LID)
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