Silicon is required for the crop in subjects such as dry matter production, photosynthetic rate, and transpiration rate. Application of silicon to the crop promoted the growth and dry matter production, and also prevented over-transpiration and increased the water use efficiency in leaves. It curbed the photosynthetic depression and also the destruction of chlorophyll in senescent leaves. Hence application of silicon, which would maintain the photosynthetic activity, is regarded as a main reason for dry matter production in rice. Using silicon as a foliar spray under drought conditions at the flowering stage will reduce the reduction in yield and increase the yield potential. The application of Silicon in topdressing and foliar methods on the rice crop would strengthen the culm to prevent its breakage and increase yield production. It increased the diameter and width of the outer and inner layers of diameter of vascular bundles.
rice, silicon, dry matter production, photosynthetic rate, strengthen culm
Aouz, A., Khan, I., Chattha, M. B., Ahmad, S., Ali, M., Ali, I., ... & Hassan, M. U. (2023). Silicon induces heat and salinity tolerance in wheat by increasing antioxidant activities, photosynthetic activity, nutrient homeostasis, and osmo-protectant synthesis. Plants, 12(14), 2606.
Arumugam, R., Sivalingam, R., Perumal, C., & Manivelu, R. (2025). Integrated Nutrient Management for Enhanced Maize Yield and Sustainability in Tamil Nadu, India. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research, 1, 9.
Ashok, S., Senthil, A., Sritharan, N., Punitha, S., Divya, K., & Ravikesavan, R. (2018). Yield potential of small millets under drought condition. Madras Agricultural Journal, 105(7-9), 370-372.
Chaiwong, N., & Prom-U-Thai, C. (2022). Significant roles of silicon for improving crop productivity and factors affecting silicon uptake and accumulation in rice: a review. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 22(2), 1970-1982.
Dorairaj, D., Ismail, M. R., Sinniah, U. R., & Kar Ban, T. (2017). Influence of silicon on growth, yield, and lodging resistance of MR219, a lowland rice of Malaysia. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 40(8), 1111-1124.
Dufey, I., Gheysens, S., Ingabire, A., Lutts, S., & Bertin, P. (2014). Silicon application in cultivated rices (Oryza sativa L and Oryza glaberrima Steud) alleviates iron toxicity symptoms through the reduction in iron concentration in the leaf tissue. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 200(2), 132-142.
Etesami, H., & Jeong, B. R. (2022). Biodissolution of silica by rhizospheric silicate-solubilizing bacteria. In Silicon and nano-silicon in environmental stress management and crop quality improvement (pp. 265-276). Academic Press.
Ghouri, F., Sarwar, S., Sun, L., Riaz, M., Haider, F. U., Ashraf, H., ... & Shahid, M. Q. (2024). Silicon and iron nanoparticles protect rice against lead (Pb) stress by improving oxidative tolerance and minimizing Pb uptake. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 5986.
Hussain, S., Shuxian, L., Mumtaz, M., Shafiq, I., Iqbal, N., Brestic, M., ... & Wenyu, Y. (2021). Foliar application of silicon improves stem strength under low light stress by regulating lignin biosynthesis genes in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Journal of Hazardous Materials, 401, 123256.
Hyun-Hwoi, K. U., Hayashi, K., Agbisit, R., & Villegas-Pangga, G. (2020). Effect of calcium silicate on nutrient use of lowland rice and greenhouse gas emission from a paddy soil under alternating wetting and drying. Pedosphere, 30(4), 535-543.
Islam, W., Tauqeer, A., Waheed, A., Ali, H., & Zeng, F. (2023). Silicon in plants mitigates damage against pathogens and insect pests. In Benefits of Silicon in the Nutrition of Plants (pp. 347-378). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Khoshnood Motlagh, E., Asasian-Kolur, N., & Sharifian, S. (2022). A comparative study on rice husk and rice straw as bioresources for production of carbonaceous adsorbent and silica. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 12(12), 5729-5738.
Kumar, R. R., Rai, G. K., Kota, S., Watts, A., Sakhare, A., Kumar, S., ... & Praveen, S. (2023). Fascinating dynamics of silicon in alleviation of heat stress induced oxidative damage in plants. Plant Growth Regulation, 100(2), 321-335.
Packirisamy, J., Subiramaniyan, A., Perumal, C., Arumugam, R., Natarajan, A., Ramalingam, K., & Chinnaraju, N. K. (2023). Physiological and morphological changes in rice during drought stress: a review. Plant Archives (09725210), 23(2).
Pan, T., Zhang, J., He, L., Hafeez, A., Ning, C., & Cai, K. (2021). Silicon enhances plant resistance of rice against submergence stress. Plants, 10(4), 767.
Riaz, M., Zhao, S., Kamran, M., Ur Rehman, N., Mora-Poblete, F., Maldonado, C., ... & Elshikh, M. S. (2022). Effect of nano-silicon on the regulation of ascorbate-glutathione contents, antioxidant defense system and growth of copper stressed wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings. Frontiers in plant science, 13, 986991.
Sandhya, K., & Prakash, N. B. (2019). Bioavailability of silicon from different sources and its effect on the yield of rice in acidic, neutral, and alkaline soils of Karnataka, South India. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 50(3), 295-306.
Sathyabharathi, B., Nisha, C., Jaisneha, J., Nivetha, V., Aathira, B., Ashok, S., ... & Sampath, S. (2022). Screening of Genotypes for Drought Tolerance Using PEG 6000 in Different Landraces of Rice (Oryza sativa L.). International Journal of Plant & Soil Science, 34(22), 1424-1434.
Sezhiyan, A., Subiramaniyan, A., Perumal, C., Natarajan, A., Arumugam, R., Ramalingam, K., & Chinnaraju, N. K. (2023). Salt stress and its impact on rice physiology with special reference to India-A review. Journal of Applied & Natural Science, 15(3).
Shah, L., Yahya, M., Shah, S. M. A., Nadeem, M., Ali, A., Ali, A., ... & Ma, C. (2019). Improving lodging resistance: using wheat and rice as classical examples. International journal of molecular sciences, 20(17), 4211.
Shanmugaiah, V., Gauba, A., Hari, S. K., Prasad, R., Ramamoorthy, V., & Sharma, M. P. (2023). Effect of silicon micronutrient on plant’s cellular signaling cascades in stimulating plant growth by mitigating the environmental stressors. Plant Growth Regulation, 100(2), 391-408.
Simko, I., Zhao, R., & Peng, H. (2025). Differential Impact of SiO2 Foliar Application on Lettuce Response to Temperature, Salinity, and Drought Stress. Plants, 14(12), 1845.
Subiramaniyam, A., Chandran, S., Ramalingam, K., & Alagarswami, S. (2022). An approach to Climate resilient agriculture farming system using Rice landraces collected from Tamil Nadu. Journal of Cereal Research 14 (Spl-2): 49-54. http://doi. org/10.25174/2582-2675/2022, 124374.
Verma, K. K., Song, X. P., Tian, D. D., Guo, D. J., Chen, Z. L., Zhong, C. S., ... & Li, Y. R. (2021). Influence of silicon on biocontrol strategies to manage biotic stress for crop protection, performance, and improvement. Plants, 10(10), 2163.
Winslow, M. D., Okada, K., & Correa-Victoria, F. (1997). Silicon deficiency and the adaptation of tropical rice ecotypes. Plant and Soil, 188(2), 239-248.
