Background: The low production of the mango variety Banganapalli in India can be attributed to a number of factors. Mango varieties have a number of problems, including poor and inconsistent blooming, as well as poor or nonexistent fruit set. A significant contributor to low levels of production is the presence of Banganapalli. In order to alleviate these production issues, there is a significant requirement to make use of compounds that support the growth of flowers and improve fruit set. With this background, the present experiment was conducted to examine the suitable combination of chemicals for the flowering, yield and quality of mango.
Methods: The chosen trees were treated with sprays at two distinct phases using the following methods: Urea 1 per cent + NAA 20 ppm (T1), Urea 1 per cent + Salicylic acid 200 ppm (T2), Urea 2 per cent + NAA 20 ppm (T3), Urea 2 per cent + Salicylic acid 200 ppm (T4), KNO3 1 per cent + NAA 20 ppm (T5), KNO3 1 per cent + Salicylic acid 200 ppm (T6), KNO3 2 per cent + NAA 20 ppm (T7), KNO3 2 per cent + Salicylic acid 200 ppm (T8), Water Spray (T9) and Control (T10).
Results: The plants treated with KNO3 at a concentration of two per cent and NAA at 20 ppm exhibited the highest levels of total number of flowers per panicle (791.82), hermaphrodite flowers (239.406), percentage of fruit set (0.48), number of fruits per tree (129.22), yield (50.04) and quality parameters viz., total soluble solids (16.77°Brix), titratable acidity (0.30 per cent), ascorbic acid (20.56 mg), total sugar (19.58 per cent), reducing sugar (5.60 per cent) and non-reducing sugar (14.26 per cent) compared to other treatment combinations.
Conclusion: In a nutshell, applications of KNO3 at a concentration of two per cent and NAA at a concentration of 20 ppm had a positive effect on the flowering, yield and quality aspects of mango cv. Banganapalli.
mango, pre-harvest chemicals, flowering, quality, yield
Abd El-Razek, E., Abd-Allah, A. S. E., & Saleh, M. M. S. (2013). Foliar spray of some nutrient elements and antioxidants for improving yield and fruit quality of Hindi mango trees. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 14(10), 1257-1262.
Ahmed, W., Tahir, F. M., Rajwana, I. A., Raza, S. A., & Asad, H. U. (2012). Comparative evaluation of plant growth regulators for preventing premature fruit drop and improving fruit quality parameters in ‘Dusehri’mango. International Journal of Fruit Science, 12(4), 372-389.
AOAC. (2012). Official Method of Analysis: Association of Analytical Chemists. 19th Edition, Washington DC, 121-130.
Arpaia, M. L., Tapia, M., & Hofshi, R. (2007). The use of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) to control vegetative vigor in avocado trees. California Avocado Society Yearbook, 90, 131-148.
Baiea, M. H. M., El-Sharony, T. F., & Abd El-Moneim, E. A. (2015). Effect of different forms of potassium on growth, yield and fruit quality of mango cv. Hindi. International Journal of ChemTech Research, 8(4), 1582-1587.
Bansode, G. S. (2012). Effect of post flowering foliar sprays on fruit retention, yield and quality of mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Alphonso (Doctoral dissertation, Department of Horticulture, Dr. BSKKV, Dapoli.
Barun. (2006). Effect of Paclobutrazol, Potassium nitrate and Urea on bearing of mango. Ph. D. Thesis Submitted to Rajendra Agricultural University, Bihar.
Bibi, F., Ahmad, I., Bakhsh, A., Kiran, S., Danish, S., Ullah, H., & Rehman, A. U. (2019). Effect of foliar application of boron with calcium and potassium on quality and yield of mango cv. summer bahisht (SB) Chaunsa. Open Agriculture, 4(1), 98-106.
Chung, S. W., Jang, Y. J., Lim, C. K., Kim, S., & Kim, S. C. (2023). Effects of 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid on the panicle and fruit characteristics of Irwin mango trees. Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 41(4), 361-369.
Davenport, T.L. & R. Núñez–Eliséa. (1990). Ethylene and other endogenous factors possibly involved in mango flowering. Acta Horticulturae, 275, 441–448.
Dessalegn, Y., Assefa, H., Derso, T., & Tefera, M. (2014). Mango production knowledge and technological gaps of smallholder farmers in Amhara region, Ethiopia. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences, 10(1), 28-39.
Dutta, P., Ahmed, B., & Kundu, S. (2011). Effect of different sources of potassium on yield, quality, and leaf mineral content of mango in West Bengal. Better Crops-South Asia, 6-18.
Ebeed, S., & Abd El-Migeed, M. M. M. (2005). Effect of spraying sucrose and some nutrient elements on Fagri Kalan mango trees. J. Appl. Sci. Res., 1(5), 341-346.
Gharge, V. R., Sanas, M. P., & Shinde, S. M. (2014). Influence of post flowering foliar application of nutrients on yield and quality attributes of mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Alphonso. International Journal of Tropical Agriculture, 32(3), 365-368
Gopu, B., Balamohan, T. N., Soman, P., & Jeyakumar, P. (2014). Canopy management in mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Alphonso with reference to flowering, yield and quality characters under ultra high-density planting. Journal of Applied Horticulture, 16(1), 50-53.
Gupta, R. K., & Brahmachari, V. S. (2004a). Effect of foliar application of urea, potassium nitrate and NAA on fruit retention, yield and quality of mango cv. Bombai. Orissa Journal of Horticulture, 32(2), 7-9.
Gupta, R. K., & Brahmachari, V. S. (2004b). Effect of foliar application of urea, potassium nitrate and NAA on fruit retention, yield and quality of mango cv. Bombai. Orissa Journal of Horticulture, 32(2), 7-9.
Haidry, G. A., Jala-Ud-Din, B., Ghaffoor, A., & Munir, M. (1997). Effect of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) on the fruit drop, yield and quality of mango (Mangifera indica L.) cultivar Langra. Scientific Khyber (Pakistan), 10(1), 13-20.
https://tnau.ac.in/site/research/wp-content/uploads/sites/60/2020/02/Agriculture-CPG-2020.pdf
Jain, M., & Khurana, J. P. (2009). Transcript profiling reveals diverse roles of auxin‐responsive genes during reproductive development and abiotic stress in rice. The FEBS journal, 276(11), 3148-3162.
Kaur, A. P., Harminder Singh, H. S., & Jawandha, S. K. (2012). Effect of pre-harvest application on nutrients and growth regulator on fruit quality of sub-tropical peach. Asian Journal of Horticulture, 7(2), 565-568.
Kaur, N., & Bons, H. K. (2019). Influence of different plant growth regulators on yield and quality of sapota (Manilkara achras) cv. Kalipatti. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 89(5), 842-5.
Khayyat, M., Tehranifar, A., Zaree, M., Karimian, Z., Aminifard, M. H., Vazifeshenas, M. R., & Shakeri, M. (2012). Effects of potassium nitrate spraying on fruit characteristics of ‘Malas Yazdi’ pomegranate. Journal of plant nutrition, 35(9), 1387-1393.
Killadi, B. B., Singh, M. D., Singh, B. P., & Singh, R. A. (2007). Shelf-life evaluation of guava (Psidium guajava L.) cultivars. Acta Horticulturae, 735, 603-607
Krishna, G. V., Bhagwan, A., Kumar, A. K., Girwani, A., Sreedhar, M., Reddy, S. N., & Nayak, M. H. (2020). Influence of pre harvest application of plant bio regulators and chemicals on post-harvest quality and shelf life of Mango (Mangifera indica L.). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 9(5), 134-142.
Kumar, M. R., Reddy, Y. N., Chandrasekhar, R., & Srihari, D. (2006). Effect of calcium and plant growth regulators on flowering and yield of mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Baneshan. Journal of Research ANGRAU, 34(1), 21-25
Lakshmi Devi, B., Venkata Ramana, K. T., Sivarama Krishna, V. N. P., Sreedhar, D., Sarada, G., & Sharath Kumar Reddy, Y. (2023). Effect of PGR’S and chemicals on biochemical parameters of mango cv. Banganpalli. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 12(10), 143-150.
Lal, D., Tripathi, D. V., Kumar, S., & Nayyer, M. A. (2015). Effect of pre-harvest application of gibberellic acid, NAA, and calcium nitrate on fruit drop, maturity and storage quality of kinnow mandarin. Research in Environment and Life Sciences, 8(4), 561-564.
Lokesh, G., Madhumathi, C., Rama Krishna, M., Tanuja Priya, B., & Kadiri, L. (2020). Influence of preharvest application of salicylic acid and potassium silicate on postharvest quality of mango fruits (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Alphonso. Acta Sci. Agric., 4, 11-15.
Maurya, A.N., S.M. Singh, & A.R. Singh. (1973). Effect of plant growth regulators on fruit retention and quality of ‘Dusehri’ mango. Punjab Hort. J., 13,117–121.
Maurya, P. K., Tripathi, V. K., & Gupta, S. (2020). Effect of pre-harvest application of GA3, Naphthalene acetic acid and borax on fruit drop, yield and quality of Mango cv. Amrapali. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 9(6), 2123-2127.
Mitali, R. R., Pant, A. K., Mishra, D. S., Dongariyal, A., & Panwar, R. (2019). Effect of pruning and KNO3 sprays on flowering attributes of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) cv. rose scented. IJCS, 7(6), 383-386.
Nahar, N., Choudhary, M. S. H., & Rahim, M. A. (2010). Effects of KClO3, KNO3 and urea on the flowering and fruiting of mango and longan. Journal of Agro Environment, 4(1), 31-34.
Nahar, N., Choudhary, M. S. H., & Rahim, M. A. (2010). Effects of KClO3, KNO3 and urea on the flowering and fruiting of mango and longan. Journal of Agro Environment, 4(1), 31-34.
Panse, V.G., & Sukhatme P.V. (1985). Statistical Methods for Agricultural Workers. ICAR, New Delhi.
Patel, A. H., Singh, V., Bhanderi, D. R., Ahlawat, T. R., & Tank, R. V. (2018). Response of pre harvest chemicals spray on fruit retention and yield of mango cv. Kesar. IJCS, 6(3), 3113-3115.
Patel, T. A., Boricha, U. K., & Patel, A. M. (2023). Impact of pre harvest management on biochemical behaviour in mango cv. Amrapali. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 3293–3296.
Patoliya, R. M., Tandel, B. M., Unnati, A., Patil, S. J., & Hiralal, C. (2017). Response of foliar spray of different chemicals on yield and quality of Dashehari mango under ultra-high density plantation. International Journal of Chemical Studies, 5(4), 1495-1497.
Pattee, H. E., & Teel, M. R. (1967). Influence of Nitrogen and Potassium on Variations in Content of Malate, Citrate, and Malonate in Non‐Nodulating Soybeans (Glycine max) 1. Agronomy Journal, 59(2), 187-189.
Phyu, T.M. (2016). Effect of paclobutrazol and potassium nitrate on off-season fruit production of (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Seintalone. Dagon Univ. Res. J.,7(1).
Prakash, K., Vijayakumar, R.M., Balamohan, T.N., Singh, S.S.D. (2015). Effect of drip irrigation regimes and fertigation levels on yield and quality of mango cv. Alphonso under ultra-high-density planting. Proc. of the Global Conference on Augmenting Production and Utilization of Mango: Biotic and Abiotic stresses. Acta Hort, 1066, 147-149.
Prasad, B., Dimri, D. C., & Bora, L. (2015). Effect of pre-harvest foliar spray of calcium and potassium on fruit quality of Pear cv. Pathernakh. Scientific Research and Essays, 10(11), 376-380.
Ranganna, S. (1986). Handbook of analysis and quality control for fruit and vegetable products. Tata McGraw-Hill Education.
Rydahl, M. G., Hansen, A. R., Kračun, S. K., & Mravec, J. (2018). Report on the current inventory of the toolbox for plant cell wall analysis: proteinaceous and small molecular probes. Frontiers in plant science, 9, 581.
Saha, P. (2004). Performance of some lemon germplasm and their morphological and molecular characterization using isozyme, M.Sc. Thesis. Dept. of plant breeding and genetics, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. PP 119.
Sajid, M., Haq, S. U., Jan, A., Noor, F., Ali, Q. S., Alam, M., and Abada, H. S. (2022). Effect of foliar application with potassium nitrate and copper sulfate on fruit yield and quality of pear (Pyrus communis L.) trees. International Journal of Fruit Science, 22(1), 759-768.
Sarkar, A. N. I. M. E. S. H., Pongen, A., Sema, A., & Kanaujia, S. P. (2022). Influence of foliar application of nutrients and growth regulators on yield and quality in pineapple (Ananas comosus L.). Annals of Plant and Soil Research, 24(2), 300-304.
Sarker, B. C., & Rahim, M. A. (2013). Yield and quality of mango (Mangifera indica L.) as influenced by foliar application of potassium nitrate and urea. Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research. 38(1), 145-154.
Singh, G., & Bons, H. K. (2020). Influence of naphthalene acetic acid on fruit setting, fruit quality and yield of Manilkara achras L. cv. Kalipatti under subtropical conditions. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology (IJEB), 58(09), 661-666.
Singh, M.K., Singh, V.B., Singh, S.S., Singh, A.K. (2019). Effect of different chemicals on yield and quality of mango (Mangifera indica l.) cvs. bombay green, dashehari and langra. International Journal of Current Microbiology. 8(01),1320-1328.
Singh, N.P., C.S. Malhi, R.C. Sharma. (2005). Effect of plant bioregulators (PBRs) on flowering, fruit yield and quality in mango cv. Dashehari. Horticultural Journal, 18(1),10-12.
Singh, P., & Varma, L. R. (2011). Effect of different plant nutrients and its integrated treatment on flowering, fruiting behavior, yield and quality of mango cv. Kesar. GAU Research Journal, 36(1), 44-46.
Srivastava, A., Singh, S. P., & Kumar, A. (2013). Effect of foliar spray of different sources of potassium on fruiting, yield and shelf-life of ber (Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.) fruits cv.‟ Banarasi Karaka”. International Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, 2(1), 19-21.
Stino, R. G., Mohsen, A. T., Maksoud, M. A., El-Migeed, M. M. M. A., Gomaa, A. M., & Ibrahim, A. Y. (2009). Bio-organic fertilization and its impact on apricot young trees in newly reclaimed soil. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Science, 6(1), 62-69.
Sudha, R., Balamohan, T. N., & Soorianathasundaram, K. (2012). Effect of foliar spray of nitrogenous chemicals on flowering, fruit set and yield in mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Alphonso. Journal of Horticultural Sciences, 7(2), 190-193.
Tisdale, S. L., & Nelson, W. L. (1966a). Soil Fertility and Fertilizers (2nd ed.). The Macmillan company, New York.
Tisdale, S. L., & Nelson, W. L. (1966b). Soil Fertility and Fertilizers, (2nd ed.). The Macmillan company, New York.
White, W.B. (1946). AOAC methods of analysis. Food Drug Cosm. LQ. 1, 442
Yadav, D., Singh, S. P., & Singh, S. (2014). Effect of foliar application of potassium compounds on yield and quality of ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lam.) cv. Banarasi Karaka. International Journal of Research in Applied, natural and social sciences, 2, 89-92.
