The escalating demand for natural pigments, driven by their eco-friendly and bioactive properties, has spotlighted microbial production as a sustainable alternative to synthetic dyes. Pineapple wastes (PAWs), comprising 45–55% of the fruit’s weight, are rich in fermentable sugars and bioactive compounds, making them ideal substrates for microbial pigment synthesis. This review comprehensively explores the production of pigments like carotenoids, anthocyanins, and prodigiosins using PAWs, leveraging bacteria, fungi, yeasts, and microalgae. Advanced extraction technologies, including supercritical CO2, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ionic liquids (ILs), and enzyme-assisted extraction, are critically evaluated for their efficiency and sustainability. Industrial applications span food, cosmetics, textiles, and pharmaceuticals, with techno-economic assessments (TEA) and life cycle assessments (LCA) highlighting scalability and environmental benefits. Recent data from 2024–2025 underscore PAW’s up to a projected 60% cost reduction under optimal scale-up conditions and greenhouse gas emissions by 50% compared to synthetic methods. Challenges such as high equipment costs, regulatory hurdles, and process optimization are addressed, emphasizing the role of PAW valorization in advancing a circular bioeconomy.This review highlights the potential of pineapple waste-derived pigments to drive a circular bioeconomy while identifying research gaps for industrial implementation.
pineapple waste, microbial pigments, extraction technologies, industrial applications, techno-economic assessment, lifecycle assessment
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